<p>Prospect Park South is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Brooklyn. It is bordered by Prospect Park and the Prospect Park Parade Ground to the north, Ocean Avenue and the BMT Brighton Line subway tracks to the east, Beverley Road to the south, and Coney Island Avenue to the west.</p><br>
<p>Within the neighborhood, and comprising most of its area, is the Prospect Park South Historic District, designated by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission in 1979 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. The historic district is bounded by Church Avenue to the north, the BMT Brighton Line of the New York City Subway to the east, Beverley Road to the south, and between Stratford Road and Coney Island Avenue to the west.</p><br>
<p>Prospect Park South, along with Flatbush and other neighborhoods within Flatbush, is policed by the 70th Precinct of the New York City Police Department.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1899 developer Dean Alvord purchased about 60 acre of farmland in order to create Prospect Park South, a community of substantial homes, a "rural park within the limitations of the conventional city block and city street." Alvord characterized the development as rus in urbe, the country in the city. The location was selected to take advantage of the train service on the Brooklyn and Brighton Beach Railroad of the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company (BRT). The line, now known as the BMT Brighton Line, offered express and local train service that remains to this day. The trains emerged at Fulton Street as an elevated line and continued across the Brooklyn Bridge to Manhattan.</p><br>
<p>Once he had purchased the land, Alvord laid out all the necessary utilities and marked the entrance of most streets with brick piers with cast concrete plaques bearing the bas-relief inscription "PPS". He also hired John Aitkin, a Scottish landscape gardener, to supervise the plantings for the lawns and malls, with meticulous attention given to details. Trees, for instance, were not planted only along the curb line, but also at the building line as well, to give the streets greater breadth of vision, to block out adjoining houses, and provide the illusion that each house was the only one on the block. Both Norway maples and Carolina poplars were used: the poplars for immediate shade, and the slower-growing maples for long-term shade. Alvord did all this before selling a single plot.</p><br>
<p>Alvord also hired architect John J. Petit and a staff to design the houses in the development, although clients could also provide their own architect if they preferred to. Petit ended up designing many of the houses in the development, in a wide variety of styles, including Colonial Revival, Tudor Revival and Queen Anne. The houses in Prospect Park South were required to be substantial, freestanding homes exceeding 3,500 ft&sup2; and costing over US$5,000. Several other restrictions were also placed upon builders wishing to develop the lots.</p><br>
<p>While not the first attempt at suburban development in the area, Alvords vision excited the interest of the wealthy of Brooklyn Heights and Manhattan residents. Ultimately, Alvords restrictions not only created an exciting new design but a standard to become a blueprint for the modern suburb. Enthusiasm for his design in following years would see South Midwood, Fiske Terrace, Ditmas Park, the Beverley Squares, and many more developments spring up in the surrounding area to accommodate the demand, together forming what is now known as Victorian Flatbush.</p><br>
<p>In 1972, New York&#39;s Albanian community established a mosque at 1325 Albemarle Road.</p><br>
<p>Prospect Park South was designated as a historic district by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission in 1979.</p><br>
<h2>Notable houses</h2><br>
<p>The Alvord Mansion at 1522 Albemarle Road was built by Alvord for his family. Later, it was purchased by Israel Matz, founder of the Ex-lax Company. The Alvord Mansion burned down c.1955 under mysterious conditions after its sale by the Matz family to apartment developers fell through in the face of community opposition.</p><br>
<p>Among the other notable houses in the neighborhood are:</p><br>
<p>Herman Goetze House, 15 Stratford Road, 1905, Colonial Revival, George Hitchings</p><br>
<p>Herbert Krantz House, 183 Argyle Road, 1904, Tudor Revival, John J. Petit</p><br>
<p>George E. Gale House, 1305 Albemarle Road, 1905, Classical Revival, H. B. Moore</p><br>
<p>John S. Eakins House, 1306 Albemarle Road, 1905, Shingle style/Colonial Revival, John J. Petit</p><br>
<p>Col. Alexander S. Bacon House, 101 Rugby Road, Eclectic/Swiss chalet, 1900, John E. Nitchie</p><br>
<p>Francis M Crafts House, 1423 Albemarle Road, 1899, Queen Anne, John J. Petit</p><br>
<p>J. C. Woodhull House, 1440 Albemarle Road, 1905, Queen Anne/Colonial Revival, Robert Bryson and Carroll Pratt</p><br>
<p>Henry P. Reade House, 1501 Albemarle Road, 1904, Queen Anne, John J. Petit</p><br>
<p>Maurice Minton House, 1510 Albemarle Road, 1900, Colonial Revival, John J. Petit</p><br>
<p>Louis McDonald House, 1519 Albemarle Road, 1902, Prairie School/Neo-Jacobean, John J. Petit</p><br>
<p>Frank K. Schenck House, 219 Marlborough Road, 1900, John J. Petit</p><br>
<p>Russell Benedict House, 104 Buckingham Road, 1902, Classical Revival, Carroll H. Pratt</p><br>
<p>William H. McEntee House, 115 Buckingham Road, 1900, Shingle style, John J. Petit</p><br>
<p>George U. Tompers House, 125 Buckingham Road, 1911, Colonial Revival, Brun & Hauser</p><br>
<p>Frederick S. Kolle House, 131 Buckingham Road, 1902–03, Japanese pagoda, Petit & Green</p><br>
<p>William A. Norwood House, 143 Buckingham Road, 1906, Italian Villa, Walter S. Cassin</p><br>
<p>The Sovereign, 55 Parade Place, 1927, Large residential complex across from the Brooklyn Parade Grounds</p><br>
<p>Moutohora Island or Whale Island  is a small uninhabited island located off the Bay of Plenty coast of New Zealand&#39;s North Island, about 9 km north of the town of Whakatane. The 1.43 km² island is a remnant of a complex volcano which has eroded, leaving two peaks. This is still an area of volcanic activity and there are hot springs on the island in Sulphur Valley, McEwans Bay, and Sulphur Bay.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The Māori name, Moutohorā, is a contracted form of Motutohorā, meaning "Whale Island" or "Captured Whale". The spelling with the macron is increasingly used in English, although the official name of the island currently omits it. The island&#39;s name is also commonly spelt "Motuhora". Tohora is maori name for southern right whales.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Numerous archaeological sites of both Māori and European origin have been recorded, including an extensive pa (fortified earthworks) site on Pa Hill and a number of house terraces and garden sites, middens (food refuse dumps), stone tool manufacture areas and stone walls. After permanent Maori occupation ceased in the early nineteenth century, Ngāti Awa and Tūhoe continued to visit the island for sea food and muttonbirds and to collect stones for hāngi (underground ovens).</p><br>
<p>The first European occupation came in the 1830s with an unsuccessful attempt to establish a shore-based whaling station. The venture failed without a single whale being captured. Forty years later came attempts to make money from sulphur. It was extracted and sold to a refinery in Auckland over a number of years but was of poor quality, and the venture was abandoned in 1895. The next phase of industrial activity came in 1915, when quarrying provided rock for the construction of the Whakatane harbour wall. A total of 26,000 t of rock was removed over five years.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>In 1965 Moutohorā was declared as a wildlife refuge, named as Moutohora Wildlife Management Reserve, and the island was bought by the Crown in 1984. Once the goats which had been introduced to the island were eradicated, a planting programme began and 12,000 plants covering 45 species are now established. Today Moutohorā is covered with a mosaic of pōhutukawa, māhoe, kānuka, bracken and grassland.</p><br>
<p>There are 190 native and 110 introduced plant species. The island is now completely free of the goats, rats, cats and rabbits which previously devastated native plants and animals. The most significant feature of Moutohorā&#39;s current fauna is the breeding colony of grey-faced petrels. Sooty shearwaters, little blue penguins, the threatened New Zealand dotterel and variable oystercatchers also breed on the island. Threatened species which are occasional visitors are the Caspian tern, the North Island kaka and New Zealand falcon. Other species present include common forest birds, captive-bred red crowned parakeets, three lizard species and fur seals. Surrounding areas hosts rich marine ecosystem including cetaceans, oceanic birds, sharks. Most common of cetaceans are smaller species such as common and bottlenose dolphins, pilot whales, and killer whales while larger migratory baleen whales (southern rights and rorquals) and toothed whales including beaked whales also appear from time to time.</p><br>
<p>In March 1999 local Ngati Awa and the New Zealand Department of Conservation joined forces to see the fulfilment of a dream. Forty North Island saddleback (tieke) were transferred from Cuvier Island (Repanga), off the coast of the Coromandel Peninsula, to Moutohorā.</p><br>
<p>This relocation followed the traditional flight made centuries ago when the Mataatua waka (canoe) was accompanied by two tieke from Repanga to Whakatane. This flight followed the drowning of the twin sons of Muriwai, sister of Toroa, the captain of the waka. The two tieke settled briefly on Moutohorā before returning to Cuvier Island.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>Public access to Moutohorā is restricted to Department of Conservation concession holders and approved scientific parties. During periods of high fire danger all access may be declined. The current concession holders are the local Maori tribe of Ngati Awa and two Whakatane based tourist operators - Diveworks Charters Whale Island Tours and White Island Tours.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>Moutohorā is the home of a professional Quidditch team, the Moutohora Macaws, that operates within the fictional Harry Potter universe. The team players wear robes of red, yellow and blue.</p><br>
<p>Mayor Island  is a dormant shield volcano located off the Bay of Plenty coast of New Zealand&#39;s North Island. It lies 35 km north of Tauranga and covers 13 km². The island is quite steep along its coast and rises to 355 m above sea level. A saddle about 75 m deep separates it from the North Island, while the other side of the volcano rises from the seafloor some 400 – beneath the waves. The island is believed to have risen from the sea about 7000 years ago. Hot springs abound, and there are two small crater lakes, Green Lake and Black Lake. These lie within two overlapping calderas formed in explosive eruptions 36,000 and 6,340 years ago. Mayor Island has exhibited a wide range of eruptive styles, including fire fountains, Strombolian explosions, extrusion of lava domes, phreatomagmatic explosions, Plinian falls and ignimbrite. The most recent lava flows have been dated at between 500 and 1,000 years old.</p><br>
<p>The island is considered special by Māori (the indigenous people of Aotearoa/New Zealand) partly because of the presence of black obsidian, a volcanic glass created by the rapid cooling of silica-rich lava, prized as a cutting tool. The obsidian was called Tuhua by Māori who called the island by the same name. Captain James Cook called it Mayor Island when he sighted it on 3 November 1769, in recognition of the Lord Mayor&#39;s Day to be held in London a few days later.</p><br>
<p>The area of the Bay of Plenty around the island is renowned for game fishing, with marlin, mako sharks, and swordfish all inhabiting the surrounding waters. The island and the waters close to its shores, however, are now a small marine reserve. There are several tramping tracks around the island, and it is also popular with divers. Several pa sites are known on the island, which was inhabited until 1901. Mayor Island is actually closer to Waihi Beach than Tauranga.</p><br>
<p>Mayor Island today is a wildlife refuge. A small number of holiday houses are located in Opo Bay on the south coast of the island. The 2001 census showed a population of three, after zero in 1996 and 12 in 1991 (all figures randomised for privacy on a Base-3 system).</p><br>
<p>Mount Wade is a massive mountain in Antarctica. It is the most distinctive landmark in its region and the highest in its range, standing six kilometres northwest of Mount Campbell in the Prince Olav Mountains. The mountain is easily viewed from Shackleton Glacier or the Ross Ice Shelf.</p><br>
<p>The mountain was discovered by Roald Amundsen in 1911. It was photographed by Byrd on flights to the Queen Maud Mountains in November 1929. It was named by US-SCAN for F. Alton Wade (1903–78), a geologist with the Byrd Antarctic Expedition (1933–35). He was also senior scientist at West Base of the United States Antarctic Program (1939–41), and leader of two Texas Tech Shackleton Glacier Parties (1962–63 and 1964–65) to this vicinity; Senior Scientist USARP Marie Byrd Land Survey, 1966–67 and 1967-68.</p><br>
<p>The Brown Palace Hotel and Spa, Autograph Collection is a historic hotel in Denver, Colorado, United States. It is the second-longest operating hotel in Denver and is one of the first atrium-style hotels ever built. It is now operated by Quorum Hotels and Resorts, and joined Marriott&#39;s Autograph Collection Hotels in 2012. The hotel is located at 321 17th Street between 17th Street, Broadway and Tremont Place in downtown Denver behind the Republic Plaza. The main entrance door is on Tremont Place.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The hotel was built in 1892 of sandstone and red granite, one year later than the Oxford Hotel. It was named for its original owner, Henry C. Brown, who had originally homesteaded the Capitol Hill area, and was designed with its distinctive triangular shape by architect Frank Edbrooke, who also designed the Oxford Hotel. The interior and the exterior of the building are considered to be the "finest extant example" of Edbrooke&#39;s work.</p><br>
<p>Built with an iron and steel frame covered with cement and sandstone by the Whitehouse & Wirgler Stone Company, the building was "one of Americas first fireproof structures, according to a May 21, 1892 cover story in Scientific American." Upon its completion it was Denvers tallest building.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1930s Colorado muralist Allen Tupper True began discussing the possibility of creating two murals for the hotel with then owner Denver financier Charles Boettcher and after some delay the two works, Stage Coach and Airplane Travel were unveiled in the hotel’s lobby in 1937.</p><br>
<p>In 1935, as a celebration of the Repeal of Prohibition in the United States, Denver architect Alan Fisher designed The Ships Tavern" room.</p><br>
<h2>Annex</h2><br>
<p>The 22-story, 231-room tower directly across Tremont Place was built as a new wing of the hotel in 1959, known as the Brown Palace West. For many years it operated as a budget wing of the hotel, until the Brown Palace&#39;s owners branded the guest rooms in the annex as a Comfort Inn in 1988, and then as a Holiday Inn Express in December 2014. Crow Holdings, Inc owns both The Brown Palace and the tower, and the lower levels of the tower are shared with the Brown Palace, including the Grand Ballroom and executive offices. The tower is connected to the main building by a skybridge over Tremont Place and a service tunnel running under the street.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>Past guests include the "Unsinkable" Molly Brown (she stayed at the hotel only a week after the Titanic disaster), infamous Denver crime boss Jefferson "Soapy" Smith, Dr. Sun Yat Sen (just before becoming the president of the new Republic of China), Queen Marie of Romania, and The Beatles. Presidential guests include Theodore Roosevelt, William Taft, Warren Harding, Harry S. Truman, Dwight D. Eisenhower and Bill Clinton.</p><br>
<p>The hotel was the site of the high-profile 1911 murders in which Frank Henwood shot and killed Sylvester Louis "Tony" von Phul, and accidentally killed an innocent bystander, George Copeland, in the hotel&#39;s "Marble Bar." Henwood and von Phul were rivals for (or shared) the affections of Denver socialite Isabel Springer, the wife of wealthy Denver businessman and political candidate John W. Springer. The murders culminated in a series of very public trials.</p><br>
<p>The hotel features in the 2017 Jane Fonda and Robert Redford film Our Souls at Night.</p><br>
<p>The Mamaku Ranges are a range of rugged hills in the North Island of New Zealand. Located to the west of Lake Rotorua and north of Lake Taupo, they lie to the immediate south of the Kaimai Range and can be thought of as an extension of it, in much the same way that the Kaimai Range can be considered an extension of the Coromandel Range. The hills terminate in the south with the valley of the Waikato River. There were at one time numerous bush railways that ran over and through the Ranges.</p><br>
<p>At their highest, the Mamaku Ranges rise to over 600 metres, and much of the high ground within the hills forms a plateau. The range is extensively forested, with the Kaimai-Mamaku State Forest and Kinleith Forest both covering a considerable part of them. The forest includes kauri trees growing at the far southern limit of their natural range.</p><br>
<p>Mokoia Island is located in Lake Rotorua in New Zealand. It has an area of 1.35 square kilometres. The island is a rhyolite lava dome, rising to 180 metres above the lake surface. It was formed after the Rotorua caldera collapsed and rhyolitic magma was pushed through the cracks. One of the cracks was below where Mokoia island is today. The foreshores of the island have geothermal springs with hot spring water forming the Hinemoa pool, known to locals as Waikimihia. It also has very rich volcanic soil, which was why the local Māori grew kumara on it. it was also a very good strategic location, which was why it was often fought over.</p><br>
<p>Mokoia Island is privately owned by local Māori iwi, who run it in conjunction with the New Zealand Department of Conservation. It is a bird sanctuary and access is limited to tour parties only. It is home to several rare species, including the North Island kōkako, the North Island brown kiwi, and a breeding population of the endangered North Island saddleback.</p><br>
<p>The island is also the location of regular Mau rākau training camps in the Maori martial art of taiaha.</p><br>
<h2>Hinemoa and Tūtānekai</h2><br>
<p>The island is sacred to Māori of the Te Arawa iwi, and is the location of one of the most famous legends of New Zealand, that of Hinemoa and Tūtānekai, which has parallels with the classical Greek tale of Hero and Leander, and with Shakespeare&#39;s Romeo and Juliet, everyone died.</p><br>
<p>According to legend, the two lovers were forbidden to marry, and Hinemoas father Umukaria, a chief from the shores of the lake, ordered that she not be allowed to travel by canoe to Tūtānekais tribal village on the island. Hinemoa decided to swim 3.2 kilometres across the lake to the island, guided by the sound of Tūtānekai&#39;s flute-playing. For flotation she wrapped rushes (a type of reed) around her and swam her way to the island. According to another version, she made a flotation device from gourds.</p><br>
<p>The Te Arawa version of the widely known traditional Maori love song Pokarekare Ana references the story of Tūtānekai and Hinemoa. The lyrics imply Hinemoa&#39;s crossing the lake to reach Tūtānekai.</p><br>
<p>Poverty Bay  is the largest of several small bays on the east coast of New Zealand&#39;s North Island to the north of Hawke Bay. It stretches for 10 km from Young Nick&#39;s Head in the southwest to Tuaheni Point in the northeast. The city of Gisborne is located on the northern shore of the bay. The name is often used by extension to refer to the entire area surrounding the city of Gisborne. Poverty Bay is the home of the iwi Te Aitanga-a-Māhaki, Rongowhakaata and Ngai Tamanuhiri.</p><br>
<p>The first European known to have set foot in New Zealand, Captain James Cook, did so here on 7 October 1769 (at which time it was known as Teoneroa). This first meeting led to the deaths of 6 local Maori during skirmishes with the crew. Although he was able to obtain some herbs to ward off scurvy, Cook was unable to gain many of the provisions he and his crew needed at the bay, and for this reason gave it the name Poverty Bay.</p><br>
<p>Poverty Bay is one of the more fertile areas of New Zealand and famous for its Chardonnay, fruit, vegetables and avocados, with abundant sunshine and fertile alluvial soil.</p><br>
<h2>Catchment and sediment supply</h2><br>
<p>The bay is fed by the Waipaoa River, whose catchment is 2,205 km&sup2; - large enough for individual storms and events to have a small impact on the sedimentary outflow. The rivers alluvial buffering is also minimal, and 95% of sediments are trapped by subduction-related anticlines on the bays seaward flank. This has led to Poverty Bay becoming a case area for sedimentary studies. The sediments of the bay provide records of changes brought about by the onset of the ENSO, colonisation of New Zealand by Polynesians (and associated deforestation), subsequent deforestation by westerners, and the Taupo eruption.</p><br>
<h2>Poverty Bay Massacre</h2><br>
<p>In 1868, Te Kooti, a Maori rebel leader, landed at Whareongaonga Bay, near Young Nick&#39;s Head in Poverty Bay, with 300 mostly Hauhau warriors with women and children, in the schooner Rifleman. Having overcome the crew without bloodshed, he made an escape from the Chatham Islands where he and these Hauhau (Maori) had been incarcerated without trial. From there, he ventured inland to wage guerilla war on the armed constabulary and sympathetic Maori for several years, as well as several raids on settlers and antipathetic Maori villages. On 10 November 1868, Te Kooti and his followers attacked the township of Matawhero on the outskirts of Gisborne. Some 54 people were slaughtered, including women and children. The dead included 22 local Māori as well as European settlers.</p><br>
<p>Aigeira  is a town and a former municipality in northeastern Achaea, West Greece, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Aigialeia, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 103.646 km. The municipal unit stretches from the Gulf of Corinth, where the town Aigeira is located, to the mountains in the south. The town Aigeira is 26 km southeast of Aigio, 55 km northwest of Corinth and 55 km east of Patras. The Greek National Road 8A  and the railway Corinth - Patras run through the town.</p><br>
<h2>Subdivisions</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit Aigeira is subdivided into the following communities:</p><br>
<p>Aigeira</p><br>
<p>Aiges</p><br>
<p>Ampelokipoi</p><br>
<p>Chrysanthio</p><br>
<p>Exochi</p><br>
<p>Monastiri</p><br>
<p>Oasi</p><br>
<p>Perithori</p><br>
<p>Seliana</p><br>
<p>Sinevro</p><br>
<p>Vella</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The area was settled in the 3rd millennium BC. The city was known as Hyperesia (Greek: Υπερησία, Hyperesia) during Homeric times. According to Pausanias, in 688 BC Hyperesia was threatened by a hostile army from Sicyon. The locals defended their city by placing burning torches on their goats&#39; (aiges in Greek) horns. As a result, the invaders left in fear while the Hyperesians renamed their town Αigeira to honor the goats.</p><br>
<p>The city was prosperous and was one of the twelve most important cities in the Achaean League. The city consisted of two parts: a port on the Gulf of Corinth and the upper town, 12 stadia (2 km) from the port. According to Pausanias, there were sanctuaries of Zeus and Athena as well as a temple of Artemis Agrotera in the upper town.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>The Austrian Archaeological Institute made excavations in Aigeira in 1916. The team with Otto Walter found the head of the statue of Zeus, which according to Pausanias was a work by the Athenian sculptor Euclid. Walter also found the left arm, the finger at the right hand later.</p><br>
<p>From 1972, excavations led by Wilhelm Alzinger excavated the Mycenaean acropolis, the ancient theatre and several naiskoi next to the theatre (naiskos (small temple)). The floor of one of them is decorated with a pebble mosaic representing an eagle with a serpent. Also, the Tycheio (sanctuary of Tyche) described by Pausanias was uncovered next to the theatre. Further to the north, foundations of two small temples were explored by Anton Bammer. On the terrace north of the acropolis, a presumably public building with banqueting rooms and bathing facilities was located and excavated by Georg Ladstätter.</p><br>
<h2>Sport</h2><br>
<p>The town is home to the Aigeira Municipal Stadium. Its major soccer team is Thyella Aigeira. Aigeira is also home to non-league amateur football club Panaigeiratikos.</p><br>
<p>The Wichita Mountains are located in the southwestern portion of the USA state of Oklahoma. It is the principal relief system in the Southern Oklahoma Aulacogen, being the result of a failed continental rift. The mountains are a northwest-southeast trending series of rocky promontories, many capped by 540 million-year old granite. These were exposed and rounded by weathering during the Pennsylvanian & Permian Periods. The eastern end of the mountains offers 1,000 ft of topographic relief in a region otherwise dominated by gently rolling grasslands. The mountains are home to numerous working ranches and quarry operations, the state reformatory, recreational homes and campsites, and scenic parklands. Fort Sill, home of the USA Army Field Artillery School, occupies a large portion of the southeastern end of the mountains.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>The Wichita Mountains National Wildlife Refuge, a favorite for hikers and rock climbers in the region, is located adjacent to Cache, Medicine Park, Indiahoma, and historic Meers while just a short drive from Lawton and Walters. Bison, elk and deer are protected on the 59,020 acre wildlife refuge. The refuge also manages a herd of longhorn cattle. A scenic highway traversing the park permits leisurely views of these and other fauna. Backcountry camping is available in the Charon Gardens Wilderness area. The park is home to a small number of popular fishing lakes. There are numerous trails for hiking. It is also home to Treasure Lake Job Corps. Additional points of interest are the refuge&#39;s visitors center, Holy City of the Wichitas, Quanah Parker Lake & Dam, Lake Jed Johnson, and Lake Lawtonka.</p><br>
<p>Great Plains State Park is located near the geographic center the Wichita Mountains, north of the town of Mountain Park.</p><br>
<p>Quartz Mountain Nature Park and Arts Center is a noteworthy recreation area located north of the city of Altus.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>At 2,464 ft (751 m) Mount Scott is the second highest mountain within the Wichita Mountains National Wildlife Refuge boundary. Mount Pinchot in the Special Use Area is 12 ft taller. A paved road leads to the summit of Mount Scott, offering a stunning view of the granite promontories to the west, the wind farm on the Slick Hills to the north, the lakes to the south and east, Fort Sill, and Lawton. The highest peak in the Wichita Mountains (including areas outside the refuge) is Haley Peak, at 2,481 ft. Haley Peak (officially unnamed) is located on private property just outside the northwest corner of the refuge.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>When the area was part of Indian reservations and therefore off-limits to non-Native Americans, the Wichita Mountains were rumored to contain rich gold deposits. When the area was first opened up for settlement, many prospectors staked mining claims, and towns were laid out to serve the presumed bonanzas, but no economic deposits were found. The gold boom was prolonged by some unscrupulous assayers who found gold in every sample, but the miners eventually gave up, leaving behind ghost towns such as Wildman, Oklahoma.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<h3>Overview</h3><br>
<p>In simplest terms, the Wichita Mountains are rocky promontories and rounded hills made of red and black igneous rocks, light-colored sedimentary rocks, and boulder conglomerates. The Wichita Mountains were formed in four distinct geologic episodes following a failed continental rift.</p><br>
<p>Magmatism induced by continental rifting just prior to and in the Cambrian Period produced the granites and rhyolites (the red rocks), gabbroic rocks, anorthosites, and diabases (the black rocks).</p><br>
<p>Subsidence resulted in burial by sandstones and carbonates (the light-colored rocks) during the early Paleozoic.</p><br>
<p>Uplift during the Pennsylvanian Ouachita Orogeny brought these rocks to the surface as mountains.</p><br>
<p>Weathering and erosion during the Permian Period flattened the mountains and produced a mantle of conglomerates.</p><br>
<p>The mountains themselves are Permian landforms covered and preserved by river-borne sediments in the Permian and partially excavated only in recent geological times. Exposure of these fossil mountains is greatest towards the southeast; much of the western part of the Permian range remains buried under sandstones and shales.</p><br>
<h3>Details</h3><br>
<p>The geologic history of the region began with the deposition of late Precambrian to early Cambrian sandstones collectively known as the Tillman metasedimentary group. These sediments were intruded by a coarse mafic layered complex about 575 million years ago as the region began to rift apart in an aulacogen during breakup of the Neoproterozoic continent, Pannotia. The exposed portion of this unit, named the Glen Mountains Layered Complex, consists of gabbro, anorthosite and troctolite. These are the dark gray rocks found throughout the Raggedy Mountains, the central region of the wildlife refuge, and to the immediate north of the refuge.</p><br>
<p>Uplift and erosion followed, as the layered complex is uncomfomably overlain by the extensive lava flows of the Carlton Rhyolite. The granites, collectively named the Wichita Granite Group, vary slightly in composition and texture. The granites form the peaks and highlands in the eastern Wichitas and the isolated peaks of the western Wichitas. Some are equigranular, others are porphyritic. The Mount Scott Granite is the most extensively exposed Wichita Granite. It forms the topographic feature from which it takes its name, and it is distributed throughout the northern half of the wildlife refuge. Dark rounded alkali feldspars, typically one centimeter or less in diameter, dominate this rock.</p><br>
<p>Relatively small and compositionally distinct plutons, known as the Roosevelt Gabbros, are found in the eastern and central Wichita Mountains. Like the layered complex, these are dark rocks. Unlike the layered complex, they contain appreciable amounts of biotite, a mineral that forms in magmas with elevated dissolved water. One of these bodies, the Mount Sheridan Gabbro, is exposed in roadcuts at Meers and underlies the Mount Scott Granite on the north side of the wildlife refuge. Weathered gabbroic soils are thicker and support more vegetation than those generated on weathered granite, so the tree line on the north side of Mount Sheridan approximates the contact between the Mount Sheridan Gabbro and the Mount Scott Granite. Geologic relationships suggest that the granites and gabbros intruded at depths no greater than half a kilometer in the crust. The light-colored rocks exposed in the Slick Hills are lower Paleozoic marine sediments.</p><br>
<p>During the Pennsylvanian Period (330–290 million years ago) the region was subjected to intense pressure during the continental collision or orogeny which produced the Ouachita Mountains to the east. This resulted in faulting and folding striking along a WNW direction and includes the Arbuckle and Wichita Mountains of southern Oklahoma and the Amarillo Uplift of the Texas Panhandle. Up to 20,000 ft of local uplift occurred during this time.</p><br>
<p>This uplift locally created rugged mountains reduced by erosion to their present state largely during the Pennslyvanian & Permian Periods. Extensive weathering produced the tors of the Charon Gardens region and the "river" of boulders that descends the west slope of Mount Scott. Likewise, weathering produced the bowling-ball sized boulders in the Permian-age Post Oak Conglomerate locally found in and around the mountains. In addition to outcrops of the conglomerate, the boulders are preserved in the distinctive rock buildings of Medicine Park. As the Permian progressed, river sediments buried the Wichita Mountains, preserving them from further weathering. Recent geological erosion has removed these sediments, excavating these once buried fossil landforms.</p><br>
<p>McKenzie Pass  is a mountain pass in the Cascade Range in central Oregon, United States.</p><br>
<p>It is located at the border of Linn and Deschutes counties, approximately 20 mi (32 km) northwest of Bend, between the Three Sisters to the south and Mt. Washington to the north. Oregon Route 242 passes over the pass.</p><br>
<p>At the summit of the pass, Oregon Route 242 crosses a 65 square miles lava flow just west of Sisters. Surrounded by lava, the Dee Wright Observatory was constructed in 1935 by Civilian Conservation Corps workers and named after their foreman. Visitors climb to the observatory to view the Cascade peaks visible from McKenzie Pass. Also near the summit is Clear Lake, a renowned location for fresh-water diving.</p><br>
<p>Highway 242 is not recommended for large trucks, trailers or motor homes due to numerous tight switchbacks. The pass is closed from November to July due to snow.</p><br>
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<p>Santiam Pass is a 4,817 ft mountain pass in the Cascade Range in central Oregon in the United States. It is located on the border between Linn and Jefferson counties, about 18 mi northwest of Sisters, between the prominent volcanic horns of Three Fingered Jack to the north and Mount Washington to the south. Several other smaller volcanoes, including cinder cones and tuyas, are found near the summit of the pass. USA Route 20 connects eastern Oregon with the valley of the Santiam River on the west via Santiam Pass. One of the 19 or 20 lakes by the name of Lost Lake is located beside the highway just west of Santiam Pass. The pass may be approached from the west by three distinct routes:</p><br>
<p>Oregon Route 22, also known as the North Santiam Highway, proceeds southeast from Salem and follows the North Santiam River to Santiam Junction.</p><br>
<p>USA Route 20, which follows the South Santiam River from the Albany–Corvallis area to Santiam Junction.</p><br>
<p>Oregon Route 126, which follows the McKenzie River northeast from Eugene.</p><br>
<p>From the east, Santiam Pass is approached from the town of Sisters; however, immediately east of Sisters, U. S. Highway 20 and Oregon Route 126, which share the route over the pass, split with Oregon Route 126 going northeast to Redmond and Prineville, Oregon and U. S. Route 20 heading southeast to Bend.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>While the pass was known by native peoples, the first recorded crossing of the pass was in April 1859 by an expedition searching for a cattle trail over the Cascade Range from the Willamette Valley to Central Oregon. This expedition was led by Andrew Wiley, who reportedly climbed a tall tree on a mountain near Lost Prairie to help determine the route. Lost Prairie is located along Hackleman Creek between Fish Lake and Tombstone Prairie. Wiley later helped establish the Santiam Wagon Road.</p><br>
<p>Originally known as Hogg Pass, after Col. T. Egenton Hogg who designated this crossing for his proposed railroad, Santiam Pass was renamed in 1929 when the Santiam Highway was completed. The original Santiam Pass is located three miles south and was discovered in 1859.</p><br>
<h2>Nearby volcanoes</h2><br>
<p>Three Fingered Jack</p><br>
<p>Hogg Rock</p><br>
<p>Hoodoo Butte</p><br>
<p>Hayrick Butte</p><br>
<p>Mount Washington</p><br>
<p>Cabeço Gordo  is the highest mountain, massive stratovolcano and the largest geomorphological structure that forms the island of Faial. The mountain/volcano is 1,043 meters above sea level, consisting of a two kilometer wide caldera, that is 400 m in depth below the crater rim. From Cabeço Gordo, on a clear day, the islands of the central group of the Azores are visible: Pico, Sao Jorge, and Graciosa, although normally the caldera may be covered in clouds and fog.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Along the western edge of the Ribeirinha Volcano, the Central Volcanic Complex formed about 410,000 years ago, along with several structures that arose from tectonics. Evidence of this process has not been preserved due to subsistence, but it is generally believed that two formations (an Upper and Lower group) reflecting a geochemical variation that occurred about 16,000 years ago. The Lower group (from 410,000 years ago), was marked by the predominance of a Hawaiian/Strombolian eruptive process, that was composed of basaltic and benmoreitic rocks. The secondary, Upper group, was a highly explosive period (sub-Plinian in character), which produced a series of twelve deposits of pumice and surge deposits (pyroclastic flows of trachytic and benmoreitic).</p><br>
<p>Although the central volcano has not been active within the past two centuries, it has seen activity related to the eruption of Capelinhos (1957–58). During this period, fumaroles in the caldera became active, and the minor lakes/swamps were dried-up by excessive heat.</p><br>
<p>Cabeço Gordo, due to its central nature, is part of each parish on the island (except for Matriz, Conceição and Angustias).</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Cabeço Gordo is the main geomorphological unit, corresponding to a polygenetic volcano two kilometers at the top and one kilometer at the base. The walls of the crater rim are abrupt, although their slopes increase with altitudes. The superficial cover of the volcano is covered in pyroclastic material, such as pumice rock, phreatic and phreatomagmatic deposits, evidence of pyroclastic flows and lahars. The flanks of the stratovolcano also include the Morro de Castelo Branco and peninsula of denser material that have resisted erosion.</p><br>
<p>The Cerro de la Silla is a mountain and natural monument located within the metropolitan area of the city of Monterrey, Nuevo León, in northeastern Mexico. Named for its distinctive saddle-shaped profile when viewed from the west, it is a well-known symbol of the city of Monterrey, despite being located in the adjacent municipality of Guadalupe.</p><br>
<p>It covers an area of 60.5 square kilometres (23 mi²). The mountain has four peaks: Pico Antena, Pico Norte, Pico Sur and Pico la Virgen; Pico Norte (North Peak) is the highest at 1820 m (5970 ft) while Pico la Virgen (Virgin&#39;s Peak) is the lowest at 1750 m (5740 ft).</p><br>
<p>Set aside as a natural monument by the Mexican government in 1991, the mountain, or hill, as mountains are often referred to in Mexico, is a popular recreational area and is often climbed by hikers who take a 5.3 km (3.3 mi) trail to reach the top. The ascent is considered to be fairly difficult, taking approximately 3 hours to complete. A panoramic view of the city of Monterrey can be seen from the top.</p><br>
<p>In the second half of the 20th century, an aerial tramway (Teleférico en Monterrey) was built on the north side of the mountain to give a fastest access to the iconic mountain for the population. The day of its inauguration on June 2, 1961 was also the day of its closure, as a tragic accident took the lives of five people, including the engineer Jesús Fernández, its designer. Only the upper station remains of the tramway. Several plans have been announced to rebuild another tramway with no results.</p><br>
<p>Some other known mountains or elevations of the zone are: Cerro de las Mitras, the Sierra Madre Oriental with the Cerro de Chipinque &mdash;the M-shaped figure visible from various parts of the city&mdash, the Cerro del Topo Chico, Cerro del Obispado, Cerro de la Loma Larga and La Huasteca.</p><br>
<p>Fair Head or Benmore  is a rocky headland at the north-eastern corner of County Antrim, Northern Ireland. It lies 3 miles  east of Ballycastle town, and is the closest part of the mainland to Rathlin Island. Geography books have long measured the length of Ireland "from Fair Head to Mizen Head". It is a very highly regarded rock-climbing location, and is believed to be the biggest expanse of climbable rock in the British Isles.</p><br>
<h2>Setting</h2><br>
<p>The headland of Fair Head rises 196m above the sea. Wild goats can be seen roaming among the rocks beneath the clifftops, where a walkway called The Grey Man&#39;s Path winds around the rugged coastline. From the road, a manmade Iron Age island or crannóg can be seen in the middle of a lake, Lough na Cranagh. The lakes are stocked with trout and can be fished during the summer months. All of the land at Fair Head is private farm land, and not owned by National Trust. Access is by the good will of local farm owners.</p><br>
<p>Many famous Irish artists have painted Fair Head including Maurice Canning Wilks who painted a watercolour from a nearby beach.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing</h2><br>
<p>Fair Head is widely regarded as Ireland&#39;s finest climbing crag, but for a variety of reasons including its relatively remote location and the physical strength and unfamiliar climbing techniques often required there, does not attract the volume of climbers that one might expect at a crag of such quality. Its cliffs stretch for a distance of over 5 km around the headland, rising to a maximum height of over 100m. They are not sea-cliffs, but have been described as a mountain crag by the sea, since they tower above an extensive boulder field and their isolation and size gives climbing there a big-wall mountaineering feel.</p><br>
<p>The cliffs are composed of dolerite, giving a mixture of steep cracked walls, corners, and, in many places, sets of columns reminiscent of organ-pipes. The dolerite sits on top of a bed of chalk which is visible in places.</p><br>
<p>The cliffs abound in well-protected steep crack climbing, between one and four pitches long. Many of the cracks involve hand-jamming, so some climbers tape their hands to protect the skin from what they term "Fair Head rash". Other climbs involve off-width or full-width chimneying, which is not often encountered in other Irish crags. As with nearly all Irish crags, only traditional protection ("clean climbing") is used.</p><br>
<p>The current guidebook, published in 2002, lists about 400 routes from under grade VS 4c up to E6 6b, but more recent climbing includes routes up to E8 6c.</p><br>
<h3>History</h3><br>
<p>The first climbs at Fair Head were done in the mid-1960s by some Belfast-based climbers and members of the Dublin-based Spillikin Club. Most of these climbs followed loose and dirty chimneys and are rarely repeated nowadays, but the seed had been planted, and before the end of the sixties development of the crag had started in earnest. However, it was not long before the increasing political violence in the North started making its presence felt; the Fair Head area was generally unaffected, but development of the crag slowed to a trickle during the early 1970s. However the attractions of Fair Head eventually proved irresistible and development picked up again in the late seventies, led by the husband-and-wife team of Calvin Torrans and Clare Sheridan and a number of other Dublin climbers. This small band devoted themselves to developing Fair Head, founded the Dal Riada Climbing Club (named after the ancient kingdom which included this area), and acquired a climbing hut nearby to accommodate themselves and other visiting climbers. There is still unclimbed rock at Fair Head; opportunities, mainly in the higher grades, are waiting for those who have the talent and dedication.</p><br>
<h3>Layout</h3><br>
<p>The cliffs are divided into several main sectors. From east to west, these are:</p><br>
<p>The Small Crag. This 20m-high sector containing about seventy climbs stretches for 1 km above a heavily forested hillside; the difficulty of access means that abseiling in is usually necessary. Together with the problems often caused by midges, this make the sector unpopular, in spite of the quality of climbing to be had there.</p><br>
<p>The Main Crag (including The Prow at its western end) is by far the most important sector. It curves around the headland for 3 km, and contains the longest and best-quality climbs, up to 100m in height. Access is gained mainly by two easy descent gullies near either end of the sector, the Grey Mans Path at the east, and the Ballycastle Gully at the west. The Ballycastle Gully tends to be the more popular descent route for casual visitors, as there is a concentration of easier climbs in the vicinity. Between the two gullies, the starts of climbs can be reached by picking ones way through the boulder-field or by doing a usually-vertical abseil of up to 100m.</p><br>
<p>Farrangandoo. This popular small sector consists of columns with intervening cracks every 2m or so, and contains about 30 single-pitch climbs.</p><br>
<p>Marconi&#39;s Cove is about 500m distant from the rest of the crag, and was not discovered until 1988, but contains about 25 good-quality single-pitch climbs.</p><br>
<p>Complete Scream is a climbing cliff with a route nearly 60 metres long and at the British grade of E8 6b, which roughly translates to the mid-5.12 range. Complete Scream was first climbed in 2005 by Ricky Bell. The route was onsighted in 2015 by Pete Whittaker, who protected the lower half with sky hooks. It has been described by Ben Heason as “one of the best routes of its type in Britain.” U.K. In June 2016 Alex Honnold free soloed the route. The ascent was captured on video.</p><br>
<p>Base camps are usually established near the tops of the descent routes; the walk-ins this far are pleasant and quite short, through the open grazing fields above the crag. However, access to some of the climbs themselves can be quite rough and time-consuming.</p><br>
<h3>Visiting</h3><br>
<p>The Dal Riada Climbing Club formerly had the use of a series of buildings which they operated as climbing huts which they used to accommodate themselves and other visiting climbers, but this ended in 2007 when the last one was repossessed by its owners, the National Trust. The most popular options now are either camping at a nearby campsite operated by a local farmer, or staying at a hostel in Ballycastle town, where there is a selection of bars and restaurants.</p><br>
<p>The Medicine Bow Mountains are a mountain range in the Rocky Mountains that extend for 100 mi</p><br>
<p>from northern Colorado into southern Wyoming. The northern extent of this range is the sub-range the Snowy Range.</p><br>
<p>From the northern end of Colorado&#39;s Never Summer Mountains, the Medicine Bow mountains extend north from Cameron Pass along the border between Larimer and Jackson counties in Colorado and northward into south central Wyoming. In Wyoming, the range sits west of Laramie, in Albany and Carbon counties to the route of the Union Pacific Railroad and USA Interstate 80. The mountains often serve as a symbol for the city of Laramie. The range is home to Snowy Range Ski Area.</p><br>
<p>The highest peak in the range is Clark Peak (12,951 ft), located in Rawah Wilderness and is along the southern end of the range in Northern Colorado. Much of the range is located within the Medicine Bow National Forest in Wyoming. The highest peak on the Wyoming side is Medicine Bow Peak (12,013 ft). The range is drained along the western flank by the Michigan and Canadian rivers, tributaries of the North Platte in North Park. On its eastern flank it is drained by the Laramie River, another tributary of the North Platte.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The Medicine Bow Mountains resulted from continental compression during the Laramide Orogeny. Beginning about 70 million years ago, the Rockies began uplifting along thrust faults that broke up the Precambrian granite of Earths crust. By 50 million years ago, all of Wyomings major mountain ranges were elevated and the major basins defined. Rocks exposed along the flanks and peaks of the Medicine Bow Mountains span the Precambrian to modern, with the peaks composed of 2.4-2.0 billion year old Medicine Peak Quartzite. This rock was once a shallow marine sand deposit that has since been compressed and heated during burial, forming the metamorphic rock, quartzite. What may be traces of multicellular animals are preserved in this rock, making it of particular interest to paleontologists.</p><br>
<p>The Cheyenne belt, the 1.78–1.74 billion year old suture between the Wyoming craton and the Yavapai province that formed as North America was assembled, is exposed in the Medicine Bow Mountains.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>Wildlife abounds in these mountains, with mule deer, elk, moose, black bear, mountain lions, coyotes, marmots, pika, Richardson&#39;s ground squirrels, bobcats, and lynx as well as a tremendous variety of birds. Brook and rainbow trout as well as grayling and golden trout are found in the streams. A disjunct population of arctic fairy shrimp (Brachinecta paludosa) has been documented in a few lakes in the northern part of the range.</p><br>
<h2>Research</h2><br>
<p>Since 1987, the Glacier Lakes area of the Snowy Range has been home to the Glacier Lakes Ecosystem Experiments Site (GLEES), a field unit of the Rocky Mountain Research Station, United States Forest Service. Areas of scientific inquiry at the site include atmospheric pollutant deposition, forest carbon and water vapor cycling, effect of insect outbreaks, and alpine lake and stream hydrology. The site is 642 ha in extent and hosts facilities for the National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP), the National Dry Deposition Network (NDDN) and AmeriFlux (Eddy covariance).</p><br>
<h2>Airline crash</h2><br>
<p>This mountain range is also home to some of the remains of a Douglas DC-4 aircraft, operated as United Airlines Flight 409. The aircraft crashed into Medicine Bow Peak on October 6, 1955, killing all 66 people on board.</p><br>
<p>The Anare Mountains  are a large group of mainly snow-covered peaks and ridges along the northern coast of Victoria Land, Antarctica. The group is bounded on the north and east by the Pacific Ocean, on the west by Lillie Glacier, and on the south by Ebbe Glacier and Dennistoun Glacier. Kirkby Glacier, 20 mi in length, drains the central Anare Mountains and flows northwest to the sea 3 mi from Cape North, and just north of Arthurson Bluff, northern Victoria Land. The mountain range is situated on the Pennell Coast, a portion of Antarctica lying between Cape Williams and Cape Adare.</p><br>
<p>Mountains in this area were first sighted by Captain James Clark Ross in 1841. They were photographed during United States Navy Operation Highjump (1946&ndash;1947) and were surveyed by United States Geological Survey helicopter teams, 1962&ndash;63. Named by the northern party of the New Zealand Geological Survey Antarctic Expedition, 1963&ndash;64, for the Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions (ANARE), 1962, under Phillip Law, which performed survey work along the coast.</p><br>
<p>Matakana Island is located in the western Bay of Plenty in New Zealand&#39;s North Island. A long, flat barrier island, it is 20 km in length but rarely more than 3 km wide. The island has been continuously populated for centuries by a number of Māori tribes that are mostly associated with Ngai Te Rangi. The island has two distinct parts: 5,000 acre of farm and orchard land on the inner harbour,  and 10,000 acre of forest-covered coastal land exposed to the Pacific Ocean.</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<p>As of the 2013 Census, the island has a population of 255 people, up from 225 people in the 2006 Census. This makes Matakana Island the third least populated area in the Western Bay of Plenty. There are only 90 inhabited dwellings. Most persons living on the island belong to the Ratana Church or the Catholic Church of New Zealand.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The island protects the entrance to the Tauranga harbour and stretches from Bowentown to Mount Maunganui. Matakana Island is largely covered with Pine Trees although some land is cleared for the residents. Matakana Island has a relatively small population density of 4.2, though still more than the West Coast(1.3 as of the 2006 Census). The island is the third largest by area associated with the North Island, or the fifteenth largest within New Zealand waters.</p><br>
<h2>Attractions</h2><br>
<p>The island&#39;s long, white sandy beach is popular with surfers. Surfers can either catch a water taxi from Mount Maunganui or paddle to the island across the mouth of Tauranga Harbour (depending on weather conditions).</p><br>
<p>Matakana&#39;s surf side is a nesting site for a large number of sea birds, including the endangered New Zealand dotterel.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Between 1993 and 1999 the ownership of Matakana Island&#39;s 10,000 acre forest and freehold land was in dispute. The case Arklow Investments Limited and Christopher Wingate v I.D. MacLean and others was appealed the New Zealand High Court to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in London.</p><br>
<p>In 2007 the New Zealand Fisheries Management Research Database recorded and estimated that there were 325 sting rays inhabiting the estuarial waters between Matakana Island and Rangiwaea Island.</p><br>
<p>Australia&#39;s former Representative to the United Nations Global Compact, Matthew Tukaki, has strong tribal ties with Matakana Island and it is believed his family has inhabited the island for more than six generations.</p><br>
<p>Lake Okareka is one of four small lakes lying between Lake Rotorua and Lake Tarawera, in the Bay of Plenty region of New Zealand&#39;s North Island. The others are Lake Rotokakahi , Lake Tikitapu , and Lake Okataina. All lie within the Okataina caldera, along its western edge.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The lake has a circumference of 6 mi and lies about 60 m above Lake Tarawera. Its outlet flows underground for half a mile and forms the Waitangi waterfall. In fact, the Okareka lake seems to be connected with the Tarawera by underground channels.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This small and little-visited lake is a place of much charm, surrounded by hills nearly everywhere thickly wooded. It is quite near, but out of sight from the tourist motor route of Rotorua and Tarawera; a side road gives access to it. Anglers find good sport there, but otherwise its solitude is not disturbed yet. Many years ago a settler acquired some of the land around it, and built his house on a low-lying isthmus which connects an island-like hill in the middle of the lake with the mainland. Some of the frontage is still in private hands, but the greater part of the sylvan basin in which the lake lies has now become residential property.</p><br>
<p>Okareka means "the lake of sweet food". In early times, Māori grew sweet potatoes or kumara around the outside of the lake. It first described in print by Sir George Grey, and poetic mention of it is made by Alfred Domett in his "Ranolf and Amohia." Grey visited it on the course of his travels through the Lakes Country to Taupo in the summer of 1849-50. The journey is described in that rare little book entitled "Journal of an expedition Overland from Auckland to Taranaki", written for the Governor by his secretary G. S. Cooper, with a translation into Maori by his interpreter, Piri-kawau; the book was published in Auckland in 1851. In those days, the route from Ohinemutu to Tarawera was a track which skirted the shore of Okareka and reached the large lake near the mission station called Kariri (Galilee). It was a blistering hot day when Governor Grey and his party took the foot trail from Rotorua to Tarawera, and the narrator says they were "nearly stewed".</p><br>
<p>"We reached the beautiful lake of Okareka," the journal entry for 27 December 1849, runs, "just at a place where there is a spring of deliciously cool water, wherewith we all refreshed ourselves and then proceeded to cross the lake in canoes. The lake is really an extremely pretty sight, the shores being lofty and wooded, with the exception of a valley at each end, where the roads run. A peninsula, on which stands the pa called Taumaihi, juts out into the centre of the lake. The waters are beautifully clear, and very deep. There is no apparent outlet to this lake. Its vent consists of an underground stream, which is hidden for about half a mile, and then makes its appearance, looking like a fountain, gushing through a heap of rocks and square stones of a basaltic formation, whence it makes its way in a small stream to Tarawera, the level of which is about sixty feet lower than that of Okareka, and into which the water falls down a declivity of twenty feet, forming a beautiful cascade, surrounded and overshadowed by a clump of karaka and other evergreen trees."</p><br>
<p>In those days the shores of Okareka were a scene of Maori life; there were cultivations on the waterside, and the natives fished the waters for whitebait, the koura crayfish, and the little fish called toitoi, which abounded there before the Pakeha trout was introduced. In the ‘sixties Alfred Domett visited Okareka and Tarawera by the track Grey took.</p><br>
<p>Some of the most beautiful forest in the Lakes country is in this reserve, extending to the lofty western side of Lake Okataina and the Whakapoungakau Range. But red deer roam the bush, and however desirable they may be from the Rotorua sportsmen’s point of view they are not doing any good to this forest sanctuary.</p><br>
<p>Renowned for its natural beauty, this lake has an adjacent settlement of approximately 600 people. The lake is easily accessible from the well-known tourist location of Rotorua.</p><br>
<h2>Pollution</h2><br>
<p>Lake Ōkareka has reasonably clear, clean water and is used extensively for recreation such as boating, swimming and fishing. However, the quality of the water has been declining over recent years due to excess levels of nitrogen and phosphorus. These nutrients come from surrounding farmland, residential septic tanks and from the release of existing and accumulated nutrients from sediments on the lake bed.</p><br>
<p>The Lake Ōkareka Catchment Management Plan was developed in 2004. This is a long-term plan to improve the water quality of the</p><br>
<p>lake, through changes like sewage reticulation, in-lake chemical treatment and farm nutrient management. It has been calculated that</p><br>
<p>the load nutrients needed to reach the target TLI of 3.0 are 2.5 tonnes per year of nitrogen and 0.08 tonnes per year of phosphorus.</p><br>
<p>The Trophic Level Index (TLI) is an overall indication of lake health based on a number of different criteria, values represent a three-yearly average. Better quality sites have a lower TLI. The three-yearly average for Ōkareka indicates little change over the last five years.</p><br>
<p>The House of the Seven Gables , made famous by American author Nathaniel Hawthorne&#39;s novel The House of the Seven Gables , is a 1668 colonial mansion in Salem, Massachusetts, named for its gables. The house is now a non-profit museum, with an admission fee charged for tours, as well as an active settlement house with programs for children. It was built for Captain John Turner and stayed with the family for three generations.</p><br>
<h2>The house</h2><br>
<p>The earliest section of the House of the Seven Gables was built in 1667 for Capt. John Turner. It remained in his family for three generations, descending from John Turner II to John Turner III. Facing south towards Salem Harbor, it was originally a two-room, -story house with a projecting front porch and a massive central chimney. This portion now forms the middle of the house. Four windows of the original ground-floor room (which became a dining room) remain in the house&#39;s side wall.</p><br>
<p>A few years later, a kitchen lean-to and a new north kitchen ell to the rear of the house were added. By 1676, Turner had added a spacious south (front) extension with its own chimney, containing a parlor on the ground floor, with a large bed chamber above it. Ceilings in this new wing are higher than the very low ceilings in older parts of the house. The new wing featured double casement windows and an overhang with carved pendants; it was capped with a three-gabled garret.</p><br>
<p>In the first half of the 18th century, John Turner II remodeled the house in the new Georgian style, adding wood paneling and sash windows. These alterations are preserved, very early examples of Georgian decor. The House of the Seven Gables is one of the oldest surviving timber-framed mansion houses in continental North America, with 17 rooms and over 8,000 ft&sup2; including its large cellars.</p><br>
<p>After John Turner III lost the family fortune, the house was acquired by the Ingersolls, who remodeled it again. Gables were removed, porches replaced, and Georgian trim added. Their relative Nathaniel Hawthorne was occasionally entertained in the house by his cousin Susannah Ingersoll. By Hawthornes time, the house had only three gables, but his cousin told him the houses history, and showed him beams and mortises in the attic indicating locations of former gables. Horace Ingersoll, Susannas adopted son, told Hawthorne a story of Acadian lovers that later inspired Henry Wadsworth Longfellows 1847 poem Evangeline.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>In 1908, the house was purchased by Caroline O. Emmerton, founder of the House of Seven Gables Settlement Association, and she restored it from 1908 to 1910 as a museum whose admission fees would support the association. Boston architect Joseph Everett Chandler supervised the restoration, which among other alterations reconstructed missing gables. In some cases historical authenticity was sacrificed in the interest of appealing to visitors, who expected the house to match the one Hawthorne described in his romantic novel. Thus, for example, Emmerton added a "cent-shop" resembling that operated by the author&#39;s fictional character Hepzibah Pyncheon.</p><br>
<p>She also added what looks like a wood closet but has a false back. When opened, the back leads to a secret staircase which leads up to the attic.</p><br>
<p>Many interesting features of the original mansion remain, including unusual forms of wall insulation, original beams and rafters, and extensive Georgian paneling.</p><br>
<p>The Nathaniel Hawthorne Birthplace is now immediately adjacent to the House of the Seven Gables, and also covered by the admission fee. Although it is indeed the house in which Hawthorne was born and lived to the age of four, the house was sited a few blocks away on Union Street when he inhabited it.</p><br>
<p>On March 29, 2007, the House of the Seven Gables Historic District was designated a National Historic Landmark District.</p><br>
<p>Lake Rotomahana is an 800 hectare lake in northern New Zealand, located 20 kilometres to the south-east of Rotorua. It is immediately south-west of the dormant volcano Mount Tarawera, and its geography was substantially altered by a major 1886 eruption of Mount Tarawera. Along with the mountain, it lies within the Okataina caldera.</p><br>
<p>Before the 1886 eruption, only two small lakes were present in the current lakes basin. Following the eruption, a number of craters filled over the course of 15 years to form todays Lake Rotomahana. It is the most recently formed larger natural lake in New Zealand, and the deepest in the Rotorua district. The lake&#39;s northern shore lies close to the 39 m lower Lake Tarawera, separated by less than 700 m of terrain that is mostly material from the 1886 eruption. Lake Rotomahana has no natural outlet, and its water level varies by about one meter in response to rainfall and evaporation.</p><br>
<p>The lake is a wildlife refuge, with all hunting of birds prohibited. A healthy population of black swan inhabits the lake, and there are efforts underway to ensure the lake&#39;s largest island, Patiti Island, is kept pest-free. There is no public access to the lake.</p><br>
<p>A boat cruise on the lake, visiting hydrothermal features on the lake&#39;s shore, is available as an additional extra from the Waimangu Volcanic Valley tourism operation.</p><br>
<h2>Pink and White Terraces</h2><br>
<p>The Pink and White Terraces were a natural wonder on the shores of the lake before the 1886 eruption. They were considered to be the eighth wonder of the natural world and were New Zealand&#39;s most famous tourist attraction during the mid 19th century, but were buried or destroyed by the eruption.</p><br>
<p>Scientists thought they had rediscovered the lower tiers of the Pink and White Terraces on the lake bed at a depth of 60 m in 2011. More recent research reports in 2016 and 2017 suggest the upper parts of both terraces lie on land and may therefore be accessed for physical evidence the terraces or sections of them survived in their original locations.</p><br>
<p>Mount Sunflower is the highest natural point in the state of Kansas. At 4,039 ft, it is 3,300 ft above the state&#39;s topographic low point in southeastern Kansas. Located in Wallace County, it is less than half a mile  from the Colorado state border and close to the lowest point in Colorado.</p><br>
<p>Mount Sunflower is located on private land owned by Ed and Cindy Harold, who encourage visitors to the site. Amenities include a picnic table, a little free library, a sunflower sculpture made from railroad spikes, and a plaque on the site stating, "On this site in 1897, nothing happened." As of 2015, however, that sign is missing, evidently stolen. Additionally, there is a mailbox on site with a registration book inside where you can write your name, where you are from, and how many in your party.</p><br>
<p>Access is via county dirt roads to the edge of the property, then across a cattle guard and onto a private dirt road through a cattle grazing pasture to the summit.</p><br>
<p>The state of Kansas gradually increases in elevation from the east to the west. As such, "Mount" Sunflower, while the highest point in the state in terms of elevation, is virtually indistinguishable from the surrounding terrain.</p><br>
<p>Lake Tarawera is the largest of a series of lakes which surround the volcano Mount Tarawera in the North Island of New Zealand. Like the mountain, it lies within the Okataina caldera. It is located 18 km to the east of Rotorua, and 5 km to the west of the mountain. The lake&#39;s surface area is 39 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The lake was substantially affected by the eruption of Mount Tarawera on 10 June 1886. The eruption killed over 150 people, and buried the Māori village of Te Wairoa on the southwest shore of the lake.</p><br>
<p>Also destroyed were the famed Pink and White Terraces. However, in February 2011 a team mapping the lake floor discovered what appeared to be part of the Pink Terraces. The lowest two tiers of the terraces were reportedly found in their original place at 60 m deep (too deep for scuba diving without special gas gear). Subsequently, a portion of the White Terraces was reportedly rediscovered in June 2011. The announcement of the rediscovery of the White Terraces coincided with the 125th anniversary of the eruption of Mt. Tarawera in 1886. It was thought that the rest of the terraces may be buried in sediment rather than having been destroyed.</p><br>
<p>More recent research questions these earlier findings and reports the Pink and White terrace spring sites instead lie on land (along with a lesser-known Black Terrace spring).</p><br>
<p>Tarawera means "Burnt Spear", named by a visiting hunter who left his bird spears in a hut and on returning the following season found both the spears and hut had been burned down completely.</p><br>
<p>The lake is filled primarily by sources from the nearby Blue (Lake Tikitapu) and Green (Lake Rotokakahi) lakes. Lake Tarawera is home to eels and rainbow trout. During the summer it is popular for both fishing and water sports, and also camping as there a number of hot water beaches. Lake Tarawera&#39;s outflow is at its north end, into the Tarawera River, which flows northeast into the Bay of Plenty.</p><br>
<p>Hawkeye Point is the highest natural point in Iowa at 1,670 ft. It is approximately 4.5 mi north of Sibley on the eastern side of SR 60 and approximately 3.5 mi south of the Iowa-Minnesota state border. The high ground lies 100 ft due south of an old silo.</p><br>
<p>The land that includes the highpoint was donated by the Sterler family, who worked this land for many decades, to Osceola County with the stipulation that the land be turned into a park. Osceola County, through its Economic Development Commission and Hawkeye Point Committee, has removed a few structures that were deemed to be hazardous to public safety including the old hog feed bunker at the highpoint site and a few small barns. They have erected an informational kiosk which highlights the family and the county and features a display of license plates from the 50 states sent in over the years to the Sterlers.</p><br>
<p>The county purchased approximately 6 acre of surrounding land including the old family farm house, which is being used as office space for the county. There are a flagpole, picnic bench, tile mosaic, several granite markers, and five tall posts with signs pointing to the other 49 state highpoints, each with the correct distance noted. The local 4-H group and high school youths contributed a great deal to this effort. The Hawkeye Point Commission also recently purchased a wooded plot of land of about 7 acre on the north side of the county road abutting the property with the intent to turn it into a campground.</p><br>
<p>The Highpointers Foundation, a non-profit charity set up to benefit privately owned state highpoints, has provided much of the funding for the renovations at Hawkeye Point.</p><br>
<p>The Royal Society Range  is a majestic mountain range in Victoria Land, Antarctica. With its summit at 4,025 m, the massive Mount Lister forms the highest point in this range. Mount Lister is located along the western shore of McMurdo Sound between the Koettlitz, Skelton and Ferrar glaciers. Other notable local terrain features include Allison Glacier, which descends from the west slopes of the Royal Society Range into Skelton Glacier.</p><br>
<h2>Discovery and naming</h2><br>
<p>The range was probably first seen by Captain James Clark Ross in 1841.</p><br>
<p>The range was explored by the British National Antarctic Expedition (BrNAE) under Robert Falcon Scott, who named the range after the Royal Society and applied names of its members to many of its peaks. For example, Mount Lister was named for Lord Joseph Lister, President of the Royal Society, 1895-1900. The Royal Society provided financial support to the expedition and its members had assisted on the committee which organized the expedition.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The Royal Society Range consists of a Precambrian igneous and meta-igneous basement complex overlain by Devonian- to Triassic-age sandstones, siltstones and conglomerates of the Beacon Supergroup which dip shallowly westward away from the Ross Sea coast. The entire region is cut by north-south trending longitudinal faults, east-west trending transverse faults, and structurally related dike swarms.</p><br>
<p>Tectonic and fluvial activity have featured very heavily in the recent geologic history of the Royal Society Range. Following the extension of the Ross Sea Basin (c. 55 million years ago), an episode of uplift drove the creation of the Royal Society Range rift flank. At this time a tectonic (though not accretionary) wedge, up to 6 km thick on the coast, was present, though it quickly began to erode due primarily to fluvial processes, and the Royal Society Range was cut down near to its present appearance by the mid-Miocene. Relatively limited glacial action since that time has preserved much of the fluvial architecture of the Range, and though uplift did not cease, its magnitude is such that it has not drastically affected the landscape, having progressed only 67 meters in the last 8 million years.</p><br>
<h3>Koettlitz Glacier Alkaline Province</h3><br>
<p>Neoproterozoic tectonic extension along the edge of the East Antarctic Craton between the Skelton and Koettlitz Glaciers resulted in the emplacement of coarse grained alkaline igneous intrusive rocks (ranging from gabbro to A-type granite). This area of alkaline intrusives is referred to as the Koettlitz Glacier Alkaline Province</p><br>
<p>Ross Orogeny</p><br>
<p>Cambrian tectonic convergence, continental collision and plate subduction led to the emplacement of calc-alkaline and adakitic granitoids. This period of mountain building is referred to as the Ross Orogeny.</p><br>
<h3>Volcanic history</h3><br>
<p>The Royal Society Range contains over 50 basaltic vents, ranging in size from tiny mounds to cinder cones up to 300 meters (985 feet) high. Dating of surface material indicates they were active earlier than 15 million years ago (e.g. Heald Island) and as recently as 80,000 years ago, with glacier-bound tephra layers suggesting even more recent Holocene activity. The vast majority of vents are located in the foothills of the Royal Society mountains just north of Koettlitz Glacier, and most are Quaternary in age. Most emanating flows are 3–10 meters thick and less than 4 kilometers long. The composition, with very few exceptions, is porphyritic basanite with primarily olivine and clinopyroxene phenocrysts, though some phenocrystic plagioclase is also present.</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>Abbott Spur</p><br>
<p>Allison Glacier</p><br>
<p>Amphitheatre Glacier</p><br>
<p>Anne Hill</p><br>
<p>Auster Pass</p><br>
<p>Ball Glacier</p><br>
<p>Baronick Glacier</p><br>
<p>Battleship</p><br>
<p>Berry Spur</p><br>
<p>Bindschadler Glacier</p><br>
<p>Bishop Peak</p><br>
<p>Boom Basin</p><br>
<p>Borg Bastion</p><br>
<p>Brandau Crater</p><br>
<p>Bubble Spur</p><br>
<p>Carleton Glacier</p><br>
<p>Cathedral Rocks</p><br>
<p>Chancellor Ridge</p><br>
<p>Chaplains Tableland</p><br>
<p>Columnar Valley</p><br>
<p>Comberiate Glacier</p><br>
<p>Copland Pass</p><br>
<p>Covert Glacier</p><br>
<p>Craw Ridge</p><br>
<p>Dale Glacier</p><br>
<p>Dot Cliff</p><br>
<p>Dromedary Glacier</p><br>
<p>Emmanuel Glacier</p><br>
<p>Engebretson Peak</p><br>
<p>Ferrar Glacier</p><br>
<p>Fisher Bastion</p><br>
<p>Fogle Peak</p><br>
<p>Foster Glacier</p><br>
<p>Frio Peak</p><br>
<p>Frostbite Spine</p><br>
<p>Granite Pillars</p><br>
<p>Granite</p><br>
<p>Harvey Summit</p><br>
<p>Heke Peak</p><br>
<p>Henderson Pyramid</p><br>
<p>Highway Ridge</p><br>
<p>Hofmann Spur</p><br>
<p>Hooker Glacier</p><br>
<p>Hooper Crags</p><br>
<p>Horseshoe Crater</p><br>
<p>Howchin Glacier</p><br>
<p>Ibarra Peak</p><br>
<p>Inan Peak</p><br>
<p>Jezek Glacier</p><br>
<p>Jigsaw Rock Gut</p><br>
<p>Johns Hopkins Ridge</p><br>
<p>Joseph Lister</p><br>
<p>Kamb Glacier</p><br>
<p>Kenney Nunatak</p><br>
<p>Koettlitz Glacier</p><br>
<p>Lava Tongue Pass</p><br>
<p>Lettau Peak</p><br>
<p>Lister Glacier</p><br>
<p>Lower Jaw Glacier</p><br>
<p>Maine Ridge</p><br>
<p>Marchant Glacier</p><br>
<p>Margaret Hill</p><br>
<p>Mata Taua Peak</p><br>
<p>McConchie Ridge</p><br>
<p>McDermott Glacier</p><br>
<p>McMurdo Dry Valleys</p><br>
<p>Mitchell Glacier</p><br>
<p>Mount Bockheim</p><br>
<p>Mount Chiang</p><br>
<p>Mount Cocks</p><br>
<p>Mount Duvall</p><br>
<p>Mount Essinger</p><br>
<p>Mount Fuller</p><br>
<p>Mount Hooker</p><br>
<p>Mount Huggins</p><br>
<p>Mount Huxle</p><br>
<p>Mount Kempe</p><br>
<p>Mount Lisicky</p><br>
<p>Mount Lister</p><br>
<p>Mount Mignone</p><br>
<p>Mount Moxley</p><br>
<p>Mount Rucker</p><br>
<p>Mount Schwerdtfeger</p><br>
<p>Mount Stearns</p><br>
<p>Mount Windle</p><br>
<p>Murcray Heights</p><br>
<p>Murihau Peak</p><br>
<p>Navajo Butte</p><br>
<p>Pearsall Ridge</p><br>
<p>Platform Spur</p><br>
<p>Potter Glacier</p><br>
<p>Radian Glacier</p><br>
<p>Rampart Ridge</p><br>
<p>Rester Peak</p><br>
<p>Royal Society</p><br>
<p>Rucker Ridge</p><br>
<p>Rutgers Glacier</p><br>
<p>Salient Glacier</p><br>
<p>Salient Peak</p><br>
<p>Salient Ridge</p><br>
<p>Shupe Peak</p><br>
<p>Skelton Glacier</p><br>
<p>Skelton Névé</p><br>
<p>Sladen Summit</p><br>
<p>Solomon Glacier</p><br>
<p>Solomon Saddle</p><br>
<p>Sphinx Valley</p><br>
<p>Spring Glacier</p><br>
<p>Stoner Peak</p><br>
<p>Tasman Ridge</p><br>
<p>Terminus Mountain</p><br>
<p>The Pimple</p><br>
<p>Transit Ridge</p><br>
<p>Tuati Peak</p><br>
<p>Umran Inan</p><br>
<p>Walcott Glacier</p><br>
<p>Ward Glacier</p><br>
<p>Ward Lake</p><br>
<p>Wirdnam Glacier</p><br>
<p>The Hudson Mountains is a group of parasitic cones, forming nunataks just above the Antarctic ice sheet in west Ellsworth Land. They lie just east of Cranton Bay and Pine Island Bay at the eastern extremity of Amundsen Sea, and are bounded on the north by Cosgrove Ice Shelf and on the south by Pine Island Glacier.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The mountains were discovered by members of the USAS in flights from the in February 1940, and further delineated from air photos taken by USN Operation Highjump in December 1946. The full extent of the group was mapped by USGS from US Navy air photos of 1966. Named by US-SCAN after Capt. William L. Hudson, commander of the during USEE, 1838-42. The Peacock, accompanied by the under Lt. Walker, cruised along the edge of the pack to the north of this area for several days during the latter part of March 1839.</p><br>
<p>Given the fact that they are little-eroded, and that steam was reported in 1974, and an unconfirmed report of an eruption detected by satellite in 1985, the Hudson Mountains may be active.</p><br>
<p>On January, 2008, the British Antarctic Survey scientists led by Hugh Corr and David Vaughan, reported (in the journal Nature Geoscience) that 2,200 years ago, a volcano had a subglacial eruption under the Antarctic ice sheet, based on airborne survey with radar images. Described as the biggest eruption in Antarctica in the last 10,000 years, the volcanic ash was found deposited on the ice surface under the Hudson Mountains, close to Pine Island Glacier.</p><br>
<p>Lake Rotorua is the second largest lake in the North Island of New Zealand by surface area, and covers 79.8 km. With a mean depth of only 10 metres it is considerably smaller than nearby Lake Tarawera in terms of volume of water. It is located in the Bay of Plenty region. The city of Rotorua is sited on its southern shore, and the town of Ngongotaha is at the western edge of the lake.</p><br>
<p>The lake was formed from the crater of a large volcano in the Taupo Volcanic Zone. Its last major eruption was about 240,000 years ago. After the eruption, the magma chamber underneath the volcano collapsed. The circular depression left behind is the Rotorua Caldera, which is the site of the lake. Several other lakes of volcanic origin are located nearby to the east, around the base of the active volcano Mount Tarawera.</p><br>
<p>Lake Rotorua is fed with water from a number of rivers and streams; some such as the Utuhina flow water of a water temperature warmer than the lake due to the thermal activity in the Rotorua area. Conversely streams on the northern shore such as the Hamurana Spring and the Awahou stream flow crystal clear water that has a constant temperature of 10 degrees Celsius. Other notable tributaries include the Ngongotaha stream, famous for trout fishing.</p><br>
<p>Despite the large volume of water flowing through Lake Rotorua its shallow depth makes it very prone to discolouration, especially from sediment following windy weather. It is well used by fishermen, but less popular with watersports participants and swimmers.</p><br>
<p>Lake Rotorua flows directly into Lake Rotoiti via the Ohau Channel at the north eastern corner of the lake; this channel is navigable by boat and is also favoured by fly fishermen. The Ohau channel joins at the Mourea delta, an area with very low water levels. This area is frequented by novice kayakers and swimmers. Nearby is the ancestral land of the Ngati Pikiao hapu of the Te Arawa tribe. From Lake Rotoiti the waters of Lake Rotorua flow to the Kaituna River into the Pacific Ocean near Maketu; the rapid descent from over 900 feet above sea level in less than 20 km has created an area used for extreme kayaking and white water rafting.</p><br>
<p>Mokoia Island, close to the centre of the lake, is a rhyolite dome. It is probably New Zealand&#39;s best-known lake island, and is closely associated with one of the best-known Māori legends, that of Hinemoa and Tutanekai. Is said that Hinemoa swam across the lake to her lover Tutanekai who lived on Mokoia Island.</p><br>
<p>Owing to the geothermal activity around the lake (including still active geysers and hot mud pools), the lake has a high sulphur content. This gives the lake&#39;s waters an unusual yellowish-green hue.</p><br>
<p>Lake Rotoma is the fourth largest lake of the 11 lakes in the Rotorua Lakes district, or the Hot Lakes district as it was known in the early decades of the 20th century. The Rotorua lakes are located in New Zealand&#39;s North Island in the Bay of Plenty Region. Lake Rotoma is the easternmost in the chain of three lakes to the northeast of Lake Rotorua The other two are Lake Rotoiti and Lake Rotoehu. Rotoma is located halfway between the city of Rotorua and town of Whakatane.</p><br>
<p>Lake Rotoma has a high water quality with visibility up to around 13 metres deep. The lake has a maximum depth of 83 metres in the northern part and 73.5 metres in the southern part.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Lake Rotoma was formed within the Rotoma caldera when lava flows from a large crater explosion blocked its outlet 9,500 years ago. The hills fringing the south and east of the lake are made up of Rhyolite from Haroharo and Tarawera, and this has meant that Lake Rotoma has no surface outlets. However, the presence of springs has suggested an underground discharge of lake waters.</p><br>
<p>The water level of Rotoma reaches an excessive high or low level every 10–15 years. In times of extreme low levels, the sunken island "Motutara" in the lake may be exposed.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Road</h3><br>
<p>Before the road around Lake Rotoma was constructed, there were several Māori trails over the Rotoma hill which could be used to get between Rotorua and the Eastern Bay of Plenty by foot, but these trails were too narrow and uneven to be used by horses. Travellers from Rotorua could only get as far as Tikitere on the rough track.</p><br>
<p>In May 1895 work commenced on the Tikitere to Rotoma road. By July, there were three road gangs working on different sections of the road, and work began over the difficult section over the Rotoma hill in the summer of 1895–1896. A proper road was also constructed from Te Ngae in Rotorua through to Tikitere.</p><br>
<p>Once the road was completed, horse-drawn traffic commenced and public coaching services began. The first such service was started in 1907 by the R.M. Company, who ran a service twice a week from Rotorua to Opotiki carrying mail and up to three passengers. In 1910 the R.M. Company upgraded to a large coach drawn by five horses which could hold 10 passengers.</p><br>
<p>In 1916 Colletts of Rotorua started the first regular motor car service, using Cadillac service cars. The average travel time from Rotorua to Whakatane was 5 hours, but like the horse-drawn coaches, the service cars could take up to 9 hours to travel this distance depending on the driving conditions. The road surface gradually improved, decreasing the travel time to 3 hours by the late 1920s. Today, this journey takes just one hour and 20 minutes.</p><br>
<p>In 1947, 60 men were employed on the construction of the Rotorua to Whakatane highway, as increases in traffic had caused problems on the road which was barely 12 feet wide.</p><br>
<p>In the winter of 1956 the lake level of Rotoma rose very high, causing the road to be shifted to higher ground. More serious flooding occurred in 1962, and the famous "cheese cutting" landmark was destroyed and used to build up the road. The cheese cutting was a large wedge shaped rock formed during road construction in 1895–1896 when the road gangs cut the road through a hill with picks and shovels and left a portion of the hill standing.</p><br>
<h3>Establishments</h3><br>
<p>Various establishments have come and gone at Rotoma, and most were set up to service the passing traveller&#39;s desire for rest stops, refreshments and accommodation.</p><br>
<h4>Past establishments</h4><br>
<p>"Rotoma Tearooms and Post Office", later renamed "The Kettle Store and Tearooms", then "The Kettle Store and Garage".</p><br>
<p>"T & K Service Station"</p><br>
<p>"Stillwater Lodge & Motel"</p><br>
<p>"Rotoma Accommodation House"</p><br>
<p>"El Toreador Dine and Dance"</p><br>
<p>"Atkinson&#39;s Fishing Lodge", later renamed "Merge Lodge"</p><br>
<p>"Rotoma Traders"</p><br>
<p>In 1912 it could take up to 9 hours to cover the distance between Rotorua and Whakatane, and changing stations for the horses had been set up every 14 miles from Rotorua. The changing station at the west end of Rotoma became a popular rest stop. John Baker ran a post office and tearooms here, and built up a reputation for his corned beef. Mr. Baker offered the traveller a choice of corned beef with potatoes and cabbage or corned beef sandwiches.</p><br>
<p>The Pilbrow family arrived in Rotoma in 1948 after purchasing the Rotoma Tearooms and Post Office. They expanded the business to include a general store, and renamed it The Kettle Store and Tearooms. They then built a garage for motor repairs, and the business became The Kettle Store and Garage. Petrol pumps were later installed by the Pilbrow family to create T & K Filling Station. There was an extremely high level of rainfall in 1961 which caused serious flooding problems, and the business was badly affected. The floodwater raised the petrol tanks out of the ground and the road had to be built up to act as a stop-bank. A pump was in action 24 hours a day for weeks to prevent the water from completely flooding the premises.</p><br>
<p>The Pilbrow family also created Oxford Road.</p><br>
<p>The original homestead which became known as Atkinson&#39;s Fishing Lodge was built early in the 1900s by Mr and Mrs C. Atkinson who farmed near the lake and had an orchard on the opposite side of the road. The homestead was turned into a lodge which became very popular with fishermen. The lodge was renamed Merge Lodge by Geoff and Roy Warwick, formerly of Kawerau, who took over ownership in 1960. The lodge had six bedrooms, a billiard room, two kitchens, two lounges, and a store out the front. There is now a caravan park at the site of Merge Lodge.</p><br>
<h4>Current establishments</h4><br>
<p>"Rotoma Auto Repair" at the former site of the Kettle Tearooms</p><br>
<p>"Art Gecko", art gallery and picture framing business at the former site of the Kettle Tearooms</p><br>
<p>Lakeside caravan sites at the location of Merge Lodge</p><br>
<p>"Rotoma Trading Post", petrol station and general store located in front of the former site of Merge Lodge</p><br>
<p>"Rotoma Roadhouse Cafe and Takeaways" in front of the former site of Merge Lodge</p><br>
<p>"Rotoma and Rotoehu Community Hall"</p><br>
<p>"Rotoma Holiday Park"</p><br>
<p>Lake Rotoma School</p><br>
<p>Rotoma Christian Fellowship</p><br>
<h3>"Suicide Beach"</h3><br>
<p>The bay at the foot of the Rotoma hill where Manawahe Road commences had the nickname "Suicide Beach" in the past due to the occurrence of a murder-suicide there in May 1925. The real story was lost over time, with the majority of Rotoma local residents holding the belief that it had been a young honeymoon couple who committed suicide there together. However, in actuality it was a 38-year-old man and a 14-year-old girl; understood to have been romantically attached. The man, Carl Olsen, had told the girl&#39;s father of his love for her. In an attempt to separate the pair, the disapproving parents sent the girl, Molly Moors, to live with an aunt in Hastings. Without her aunts knowledge, Olsen picked Molly up in his car and it was assumed they were on their way to Hamilton when they met death at the shores of Rotoma. The event was well covered by newspapers of the time and was referred to as the "Rotoma Tragedy". Olsen and Moors are buried next to each other in the Rotorua Cemetery, and their graves were probably originally marked with wooden crosses. The original crosses disintegrated over time leaving the two graves unmarked for many years before being remarked with new matching wooden crosses in May 2011.</p><br>
<h3>Sunken island</h3><br>
<p>Four buoys in the southern portion of Lake Rotoma mark the location of Motutara, the sunken island, which sits just under the lakes surface. Occasionally the lake level drops low enough to expose the top of the island.</p><br>
<p>There was once a Māori village on the island, and according to the legend, an old Tohunga resided there amongst the other inhabitants. His name was Te Rarau-mai-Waho, and he was very powerful and dangerous. The cloud the old Tohunga cast over the island was lifted only on the occasions where he went to visit some of his relations in Kawerau and around Putauaki, Mount Edgecumbe. One night he returned from such a visit and called out to the people of the island from the lakes edge by Matahi lagoon, ordering them to send him a canoe. Nobody responded to his demands, and in his anger the Tohunga put a curse on the island and its inhabitants. The people of the island heard the angry Tohungas terrible screams, but did not realise the horrible retribution he would take. The curse caused the island to slowly sink, and by morning it was completely underwater; the only signs of the village being bodies and pieces of wreckage floating on the surface of the lake. Some people had escaped by swimming to the shore of the lake, and these people eventually settled in the South Island. The Waikato Underwater Club has examined Motutara. Two platforms or terraces were found, and some hāngi stones were found at the peak. It has been suggested that if the Pā had been palisaded it may have still been there today.</p><br>
<h2>Settlement</h2><br>
<p>The 2006 census revealed that 1,863 people usually live in the wider Rotoma area; 0.7 percent of Bay of Plenty Region&#39;s population. However, the lakeside portion of the Rotoma area has a much smaller permanent population, as many of the dwellings are used only as holiday homes. The most common ethnic group in the wider Rotoma area is Māori, at 49.9% of the population. This compares to a 27.5% Maori population for the Bay of Plenty Region as a whole.</p><br>
<h3>Early settlement</h3><br>
<p>The early road construction crews commented on the lack of Maori settlement in Rotoma and in the neighbouring Lake Rotoehu. However, fortified pā sites, food pits, cultivation areas and burial sites have been discovered around Rotomas shorelines and the surrounding hills. The tribe Ngāti Tūwharetoa may not have lived permanently at Rotoma but at least took out a temporary camping existence there to take advantage of the hunting and fishing opportunities on offer. Later, Ngati Tuahuriri, a sub-tribe of Ngati Pikiao took up residence at Rotoma. The Rotoiti natives credit the native and European wars as the cause of the dispersion of this Maori population, and they had left Lake Rotoma by the time the road construction began in 1895.</p><br>
<p>A census for the years 1874 to 1891 shows nil for Rotoma. In 1896 a census shows a population of 33, understood to be the occupants of the camp set up for the road workers and their families at the east end of Oneroa beach by the lagoon.</p><br>
<h3>Oxford Road</h3><br>
<p>In 1948, Mr and Mrs T.H. Pilbrow and their children arrived at Lake Rotoma from Oxford in Canterbury. They had purchased the Rotoma Tearooms and Post Office, which was situated on 25 acres of land.</p><br>
<p>In a district of predominantly leasehold land, the Pilbrows realised the value of their 25 acres of freehold land and decided to subdivide it in 1950. Sixty-three sections were surveyed, the majority each a quarter acre, and four of these were taken by the Rotorua County Council for a reserve. Seventeen sections were along the main road, but a new road was required to access the sections to the rear. The Pilbrows named the new road "Oxford Road" as a reminder of their hometown.</p><br>
<h2>Lake Rotoma School</h2><br>
<p>The first school was opened on 2 February 1928 in the old tearooms building with Mr. E.G. Sutherland teaching the 8 students. Mr Sutherland stated that it was "probably the worst building in New Zealand. However, when the weather was too bad we just declared a holiday – and nobody seemed to worry"</p><br>
<p>A new school was built and opened in its present location on Soda Springs Road on 25 May 1936 with 29 students. The roll fluctuated due to numerous residents living at Rotoma on a temporary basis, but was The mills in the area, Tunnicliffes Mill and Rendalls Mill, helped establish a more stable population at Rotoma and caused further overcrowding at the school. In 1973 the roll reached 55 and there were appalling working conditions for staff and children. On 14 August 1973 the majority of parents kept their children at home as a protest against the lack of action to improve standards. There was widespread media coverage and in October the Minister of Education ordered that a new school be built, and it was opened on 16 November 1974.</p><br>
<p>From 1948, Mr Tam Pilbrow operated the first bus service to the school, using a Hillman car. In 1952 the service was taken over by George Graham, and Mr. Pilbrows son Ken, who operated a Bradford van from the Kettle Store. Mr Gavin Wyllie bought the Kettle Store and Garage, and in 1958 he commenced transporting children to the school in his V.W combie van, but when Rendalls Mill closed at the end of that same year, there were not enough children for him to continue the service.</p><br>
<p>The Kaituna River is in the Bay of Plenty region of the North Island of New Zealand. It is the outflow from Lakes Rotorua and Rotoiti, and flows northwards for 45 km, emptying into the Bay of Plenty near Te Puke. It was the subject of a claim concerning the effluent flowing down the river from Lake Rotorua, which resulted in movement to a land treatment system.</p><br>
<p>The upper section of the Kaituna, also referred to as Okere River, offers some of the best whitewater kayaking and rafting in the world, with the Okere Falls area containing the highest commercially rafted waterfall, 7 m, in the world. It is also famous for its trout fishing.</p><br>
<h2>Cultural claim</h2><br>
<p>During the 1970s Lake Rotorua was becoming eutrophic under heavy nutrient loadings, leading the Ministry of Works to propose diverting some sewage flow into the Kaituna River. Local iwi objected however, and filed a claim with the Waitangi Tribunal. Their objections included the insult to other iwi (leading to loss of mana) and destruction of the rivers mauri (life force or essence) which they believed would destroy its ability to sustain aquatic life. The Ministry of Works report however stated that the mauri concept was essentially religious in nature and not scientifically verifiable, while on the other hand diluting the waste would help prevent excess pollution and keep costs at a reasonable level. In Māori culture religion and science are not treated separately as they tend to be in Western culture.</p><br>
<p>In 1990 however, the Rotorua Land Treatment Scheme saw an upgrade to treatment facilities to remove 80% of nitrogen and phosphorus from the effluent, and land application to reduce eutrophication and satisfy Māori cultural wishes. This has led to better environmental, economic and cultural outcomes for all parties.</p><br>
<h2>Power generation</h2><br>
<p>The upper reaches of the Kaituna river was the site of a small power station which was in operation from 1901 to 1936, the first generating plant built by the New Zealand government. Several proposals for a larger power station have been considered, however the high cost of these projects has meant that none have been built to date.</p><br>
<p>In 2008 there was a consultation regarding the installation of a new 13.5 MW hydro electric power dam below the river at the end of Trout Pool Road. This would involve the creation of a man made dam and the flooding of some land, destroying a section of river known as "Awesome Gorge" and leaving the section known as "Gnarly Gorge" with a highly reduced flow. Kayaking and rafting groups and local iwi raised objections.</p><br>
<h2>Whitewater</h2><br>
<p>The Kaituna River is a world-famous white-water destination. The river has been run regularly by rafting and kayak since 1991. It is used for recreational kayaking, commercial tandem kayaking, rafting and sledging. It is a winter destination for paddlers from the northern hemisphere. The entrance to the upper gorge contains a slalom course that has been used by international teams for their off-season training prior to world championships and Olympic competition. The upper gorge contains a number of play features, including the famous "bottom hole". The entire river has been run. The temperate rainforest, warm water, and its unusual character means the river is well known in international whitewater kayak videos.</p><br>
<p>Notable waterfalls in the upper gorge are Okere Falls, Tutea Falls (the highest commercially rafted waterfall), and Trout Pool Falls, all of which are accessible via the Okere Falls track.</p><br>
<p>tutea falls.jpgTutea Falls</p><br>
<p>The Weir.jpgThe Weir</p><br>
<p>Okere falls.jpgOkere Falls and The Weir</p><br>
<p>Bottom hole.jpgBottom Play Hole</p><br>
<p>Bottom play hole.jpgBottom Play Hole</p><br>
<p>Dollar Savings Bank was a bank that operated in New York between 1890 and 2004. It was founded in The Bronx, New York City in 1890 and went through a series of name changes and mergers, including a merger with the Dry Dock Savings Bank of New York, which formed Dollar Dry Dock Savings Bank, which was ultimately liquidated in 1992.</p><br>
<p>Over the years it expanded into Manhattan. By the time of deregulation in 1981, it was starting to have trouble coping with rising interest rates and lower fixed loan rates. In 1982, the FDIC and the New York State Banking Dept arranged for it to be merged with the Dry Dock Savings Bank headquartered in Manhattan. By the late 1980s the new bank Dollar Dry Dock Savings Bank started to run into trouble. On February 21, 1992 the bank was closed by the NYS banking department with the FDIC named as receiver. Emigrant Savings bought 20 of the branches with the Flushing, NY branch being purchased by Apple Bank for Savings.</p><br>
<p>On February 14, 2004, Dollar Savings Bank, Newark, New Jersey was closed by the Office of Thrift Supervision and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) was named Receiver.</p><br>
<p>In 2011 the building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Tarawera River is in the Bay of Plenty Region in the North Island of New Zealand.</p><br>
<p>It flows from Lake Tarawera, northeastwards across the northern flanks of the active volcano Mount Tarawera, and past the town of Kawerau before turning north, reaching the Bay of Plenty 6 km west of Edgecumbe.</p><br>
<p>The Tarawera Falls on the river are considered to be quite spectacular.</p><br>
<h2>Environmental issues</h2><br>
<p>The Tasman Pulp and Paper Mill, now owned by Norske Skog, has been discharging waste into the river since 1955. Local residents have erected signposts labelling the river as the "Black Drain" since the 1990s.</p><br>
<p>The dark colour is due to the presence of pollution from farms, sewage and stormwater but it is predominantly from pulp and paper mill effluent. As of 1997, pulp and paper mills were discharging over 160 million litres of industrial waste into the river per day. By 2006, the oxygen levels in the river had reached a level where fish could survive, however the water colour was still dark. Since 1998 the colour and light penetration (euphotic depth) have improved in the lower section of the river due to less pollution from the Tasman Mill.</p><br>
<p>In 2009, the mill gained permission to continue polluting the river for the next 25 years. In 2010, local iwi took a case to the High Court to shorten the 25 year water discharge permits issued under the Resource Management Act but the appeal was rejected.</p><br>
<p>The Colorado State Capitol Building, located at 200 East Colfax Avenue in Denver, Colorado, United States, is the home of the Colorado General Assembly and the offices of the Governor of Colorado and Lieutenant Governor of Colorado. The building is intentionally reminiscent of the United States Capitol. Designed by Elijah E. Myers, it was constructed in the 1890s from Colorado white granite, and opened for use in November 1894. The distinctive gold dome consists of real gold leaf, first added in 1908, commemorating the Colorado Gold Rush. The building is part of Denver&#39;s Civic Center area. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as part of the Civic Center Historic District in 1974, and became part of the Denver Civic Center National Historic Landmark District in 2012.</p><br>
<p>Serving as the beginning of the Capitol Hill district, the historic building sits slightly higher than the rest of downtown Denver. The main entrance hall is open 180 feet (55 m) to the top of the dome, about the height of an 18-story building. Additionally, the official elevation of Denver is measured outside the west entrance to the building, where the fifteenth step is engraved with the words "One Mile Above Sea Level." From this step, at 5,280 ft, the sun can be seen setting behind the Rocky Mountains. A second mile high marker was set in the 18th step in 1969 when Colorado State University students resurveyed the elevation. In 2003, a more accurate measurement was made with modern means, and the 3rd step was identified as being one mile (1.6 km) high, where a 3rd marker was installed.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the building uses copious amounts of Colorado Rose Onyx, a rare rose marble from a quarry near Beulah. The amount used in the building consumed the entire known supply. White Yule Marble from the quarries near Marble, Colorado was also used throughout the capitol for the floors. Many designs have been found in the marble including an image resembling George Washington and another of Molly Brown.</p><br>
<p>A major safety upgrade project, funded by the Colorado State Historical Fund, was started in 2001 and completed in 2009. The design by Fentress Architects added modern safety features, like enclosed stair towers, that blend in with the original architecture.</p><br>
<p>Many of the windows are stained glass, depicting people or events related to the history of Colorado. The halls are decorated with portraits of every president of the United States.</p><br>
<p>One of the contractors for the construction of the Colorado State Capitol building was Illinois building contractor William Douglas Richardson, who was the president of the W. D. Richardson Construction Company. Richardson had participated in numerous major building contracts throughout the United States, and was interconnected with the Jacob Bunn and John Whitfield Bunn network of corporations.</p><br>
<p>Sun Moon Lake  is the largest body of water in Taiwan as well as a tourist attraction. Located in Yuchi Township, Nantou County, the area around the Sun Moon Lake is home to the Thao tribe, one of aboriginal tribes of Taiwan. Sun Moon Lake surrounds a tiny island called Lalu. The east side of the lake resembles a sun while the west side resembles a moon, hence the name.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>Sun Moon Lake is located 748 m above sea level. It is 27 m deep and has a surface area of approximately 7.93 km&sup2;. The area surrounding the lake has many trails for hiking.</p><br>
<p>While swimming in Sun Moon Lake is usually not permitted, there is an annual 3-km race called the Swimming Carnival of Sun Moon Lake held around the Mid-Autumn Festival each year. In recent years the participants have numbered in the tens of thousands. Other festivities held at the same time include fireworks, laser shows, and concerts.</p><br>
<p>The lake and its surrounding countryside have been designated one of thirteen national scenic areas in Taiwan. Wen Wu Temple was built after rising water levels from building a dam forced several smaller temples to be removed. Ci En Pagoda was built by late President Chiang Kai-shek in 1971 in memory of his mother. Other temples of note include Jianjing Temple, Syuentzang Temple and Syuanguang Temple.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In older English literature it was commonly referred to as Lake Candidius, after the 17th century Dutch missionary Georgius Candidius. In the middle of the lake is the Lalu Island, which is the holy ground for the Thao tribe. In legend, Thao hunters discovered Sun Moon Lake while chasing a white deer through the surrounding mountains. The deer eventually led them to the lake, which they found to be not only beautiful, but abundant with fish. Today, the white deer of legends is immortalized as a marble statue on Lalu Island.</p><br>
<p>Under Japanese rule, the island was renamed "Jade Island". After Chiang Kai-shek&#39;s Nationalist Government moved to Taiwan, the island was renamed Kuang-hua Island and in 1978 the local government built a pavilion where annual weddings took place. In 1999, the 921 earthquake destroyed the pavilion and sank most of the island. In recent years, due to increasing social and political awareness, more deference and recognition are being given to Taiwanese aborigines. As a result, after the 921 earthquake, the island was renamed in the Thao language as "Lalu".</p><br>
<p>Several hydroelectric power plants have been built in the Sun Moon Lake since 1919, including Mingtan Pumped Storage Hydro Power Plant and Minhu Pumped Storage Hydro Power Station. When the first hydroelectric plant was finished in 1934, it was considered to be one of the most important infrastructure constructions of the time. Wujie Dam, also completed in 1934, diverts water from the Zhuoshui River to increase hydroelectric generation at the lake. The Jiji Line railroad was built to facilitate the construction.</p><br>
<h2>PRC passport</h2><br>
<p>The depiction of Sun Moon Lake is featured in the newly issued People&#39;s Republic of China passport in 2012, a move that has triggered protest from Taipei to Beijing.</p><br>
<p>The Selkirk Mountains are a mountain range spanning the northern portion of the Idaho Panhandle, eastern Washington, and southeastern British Columbia. They begin at Mica Peak near Spokane and extend approximately 320 km north  from the border to Kinbasket Lake, at the now-inundated location of the onetime fur company post Boat Encampment. The range is bounded on its west, northeast and at its northern extremity by the Columbia River, or the reservoir lakes now filling most of that rivers course. From the Columbias confluence with the Beaver River, they are bounded on their east by the Purcell Trench, which contains the Beaver River, Duncan River, Duncan Lake, Kootenay Lake and the Kootenay River. The Selkirks are distinct from, and geologically older than, the Rocky Mountains. Together with the neighboring Monashee and Purcell Mountains, and sometimes including the Cariboo Mountains to the northwest, the Selkirks are part of a larger grouping known as the Columbia Mountains. A scenic highway loop, the International Selkirk Loop, encircles the southern portions of the mountain range.</p><br>
<p>The Selkirks were named after Thomas Douglas, 5th Earl of Selkirk.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1857 gold was discovered in the Selkirks. Coal, copper, marble, mercury, silver, and zinc were also found in the mountains. During the development of Western Canada, the Selkirks presented a formidable barrier to the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway, until A.B. Rogers discovered the mountain pass that bears his name in 1881&ndash;1882. As a result of the railway&#39;s construction via that route, Mount Revelstoke and Glacier National Parks (Canada) in the heart of the Selkirks were among the first national parks created in Canada, along with Yoho, and Banff National Parks in the Rockies. Until the completion of the Trans-Canada Highway via the Rogers Pass, automotive traffic between most of British Columbia and the rest of Canada necessarily was forced to follow the path of the Columbia River via its Big Bend, around the north end of the Selkirks.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>The southern end of these mountains is home to the only extant woodland caribou population in the contiguous United States. This area, some of it protected in Washington&#39;s Salmo-Priest Wilderness, is also home to mule deer and white-tailed deer, elk, black bears, cougars, bobcats, red fox, bald eagles, golden eagles, osprey, great blue heron, porcupine, badgers, coyote, martens, bighorn sheep, mountain goats, gray wolves and moose. Formerly rarely seen, grizzly bears are also known to roam through this region now in abundance.</p><br>
<h2>Sub-ranges</h2><br>
<p>Asulkan Range</p><br>
<p>Battle Range</p><br>
<p>Big Bend Ranges</p><br>
<p>Adamant Range</p><br>
<p>Sir Sandford Range</p><br>
<p>Windy Range</p><br>
<p>Bishops Range</p><br>
<p>Bonnington Range</p><br>
<p>Clachnacudainn Range</p><br>
<p>Dawson Range</p><br>
<p>Duncan Ranges</p><br>
<p>Badshot Range</p><br>
<p>Goat Range</p><br>
<p>Hermit Range</p><br>
<p>Huckleberry Range</p><br>
<p>Kokanee Range</p><br>
<p>Lardeau Range</p><br>
<p>Nelson Range</p><br>
<p>Purity Range</p><br>
<p>Sir Donald Range</p><br>
<p>Valhalla Ranges</p><br>
<p>Ruby Range</p><br>
<p>Valkyr Range</p><br>
<p>Norns Range</p><br>
<p>Holiday Hills</p><br>
<p>Lake Alaotra  is the largest lake in Madagascar, located in Toamasina Province, in the northern central plateau. Its basin is composed of shallow freshwater lakes and marshes surrounded by areas of dense vegetation. It forms the center of the island&#39;s most important rice-growing region. It is a rich habitat for wildlife, including some rare and endangered species, as well as an important fishing ground. Lake Alaotra and its surrounding wetlands cover 7,223 km&sup2, and include a range of habitats, including open water, reedbeds, marshes, and rice paddies. The lake itself covers 900 km&sup2;. Lake Alaotra was declared a wetland of international importance under the international Ramsar Convention on February 2, 2003.</p><br>
<p>The longfin tilapia (Oreochromis macrochir) was introduced into Lake Alaotra from the mainland in 1954, and proliferated quickly. By 1957, it provided 46% of the catch, perhaps because it was moving into an empty ecological niche as a phytophagous species.</p><br>
<p>The fertile plain surrounding Lake Alaotra is Madagascar&#39;s most important rice-producing region. The hills surrounding the lake were formerly forested, but have mostly been cleared for farmland in past decades. Severe erosion on these vulnerable hill slopes has caused considerable sedimentation of the lake, which is fast disappearing; the lake is now only 60 cm deep during the dry season. Pressure to create more rice fields has also led locals to burn the reedbeds surrounding the lake. These reedbeds provide the sole habitat of the endemic Alaotra gentle lemur (Hapalemur griseus alaotrensis). The Alaotra gentle lemur is now limited to only 220 km&sup2; of remaining reedbeds, and in recent years, its population rapidly declined by 60%, from about 7,500 individuals in 1994 to 3,000 in 2001, mostly from habitat loss, but also from hunting by local villagers.</p><br>
<p>The lake is also an important but increasingly threatened habitat for waterbirds, including the endangered Meller&#39;s duck (Anas melleri). Two waterbird species were endemic to northern Madagascar, the Madagascar pochard (Aythya innotata) and the Alaotra grebe (Tachybaptus rufolavatus). The Madagascar pochard is now critically endangered and no longer found on the lake, although very small numbers exist elsewhere. The Alaotra grebe was declared extinct in 2010. In earlier times, Lake Alaotra was where the largest numbers lived, the near-flightless grebe may never have occurred elsewhere except in the immediate area of the lake.</p><br>
<p>The Ambato River provides the lake with water and also drains it. After 381 km, the river flows into the Indian Ocean.</p><br>
<p>Donner Lake is a freshwater lake in Northeast California on the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada and about 11 mi northwest of the much larger Lake Tahoe. A moraine serves as a natural dam for the lake. The lake is located in the town of Truckee, between Interstate 80 to the north and Schallenberger Ridge to the south. The tracks of the Union Pacific Railroad run along</p><br>
<p>Schallenberger Ridge and closely follow the route of the original transcontinental railroad. The historic route of the Lincoln Highway, the first automobile road across America and US 40 follows the northern shoreline, then climbs to Donner Pass from where the entire lake may be viewed.</p><br>
<p>Both the lake and the pass were named after the ill-fated Donner Party, which wintered unintentionally near the lake in 1846. Donner Memorial State Park is on the east end of the lake and provides campsites with access to several different beaches. There are also various hiking trails in the park.</p><br>
<h2>Fishing</h2><br>
<p>The lake&#39;s depth has been measured by the California State Lands Commission to be 238 ft deep at its deepest point. The deepest point is the fallen tree, just off the guard rail on the north side. High water level is 5,935.8 ft above Mean Sea Level.</p><br>
<p>Donner Lake holds some of the biggest Lake Trout in the state. There is also a good population of Rainbow and Brown Trout as well as Kokanee Salmon. Fisherman use downriggers and troll with plugs for Kokanee Salmon and Rainbow Trout in order to catch the trophy sized Lake Trout. During the Spring and Fall season, Lake Trout come to the top to feed and this is the only time of year one has the chance to hook a Laker in shallow water.</p><br>
<p>A public boat ramp operated by the Truckee Donner Recreation & Parks District is available in the northwest corner of Donner Lake. There is a fee charged for boat launching. The lake is open to both power and sail boats.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>Donner Memorial State Park wraps around the East and part of the South shore of the Lake, encompassing Scallenberger Ridge to the south. Summer activities include, camping, picnicking, boating, fishing, water-skiing, wind-surfing hiking and mountain biking. Winter activities include cross-country skiing and snowshoeing. The Park features the Pioneer Monument, welcoming visitors year round, which was built to commemorate the Donner Party traveling to California from the east in the mid-19th century. The statue itself is positioned 23 ft high, which is said to be the depth snow reached during the winter of 1846 when the Donner Party failed to make it over the pass.</p><br>
<p>The North shore of the Lake hosts 1.5 mi of public docks for both swimmers and boaters. Every year the town of Truckee hosts the Donner Lake Triathlon which consists of the Sprint Triathlon:.25 mi swim, 6 mi bike, 2 mi run and the International Triathlon: 1.5 km, 40 km, 6.5 mi run.</p><br>
<h3>Hiking</h3><br>
<h3>Camping</h3><br>
<p>There are 154 sites to camp at in the park and a day-use area along the lake. A lakeside interpretive trail has 18 panels which discuss the natural and cultural resources in the local area.</p><br>
<h2>Panorama</h2><br>
<p>Lake Waikaremoana is located in Te Urewera in the North Island of New Zealand, 60 kilometres northwest of Wairoa and 80 kilometres west-southwest of Gisborne. It covers an area of 54 km&sup2;. From the Maori Waikaremoana translates as sea of rippling waters</p><br>
<p>The lake lies in the heart of Tuhoe country. The hamlet of Āniwaniwa and the Waikaremoana Holiday Park are located on the lakeshore, along SH38 (from Wai-O-Tapu via Murupara to Wairoa), which connects the lake to the central North Island (Rotorua) and Gisborne. There is a Department of Conservation office at Aniwaniwa. Several walks start here, including a short stroll to Aniwaniwa Falls.</p><br>
<p>Lake Waikaremoana is a holiday destination for people who use the lake for fishing, tramping and other recreational activities. The Lake Waikaremoana Track, one of New Zealands "Great Walks", is a three- to four-day tramp which follows approximately half of the lakes circumference. The track can be walked independently, or as part of a guided group. There are huts dotted on the walk which require booking to use. Camping is permitted unless you are more than 500 metres from the track.</p><br>
<p>The climate of the area is temperate In the summer and cool during the winters, snowfalls occur a few times a year in the region.</p><br>
<p>Numbers of visitors to the area are limited to some extent as a result of the extensive unsealed road that must be taken to reach it. This makes Lake Waikaremoana significantly less congested with tourists than the other 8 Great Walks in New Zealand. The smaller Lake Waikareiti lies four kilometres to the northeast.</p><br>
<h2>Geography, natural history and climate</h2><br>
<p>Waikaremoana, the North Island&#39;s deepest lake (256 m deep), has its surface at 600 metres above sea level. A huge landslide dam about 250 metres high formed the lake around 2,200 years ago. Before the landslip was sealed, around 1950, much of the lake outflow flowed through the landslip rather than out of an overflow at a low point in the slip.</p><br>
<p>Other geographical features include Panekiri Bluff and Puketukutuku Peninsula, which is the site of a kiwi-conservation programme. Surrounded by mountains clad with native forest which has never been logged, Waikaremoana is regarded as the North Island&#39;s most attractive lake. Many native bird-species scarce in most other parts of the North Island occur in the area. A possum-hunting programme operates in the area to help protect the forest. Numerous understory species grow within the forested area of the catchment basin, crown fern, Blechnum discolor, for example.</p><br>
<p>C. Michael Hogan. 2009</p><br>
<p>Since at least the early 1900s lake-bottom molluscs have been studied by Colenso (1811-1899) and others.</p><br>
<p>The climate of Lake Waikaremoana is temperate during the summer months and cool in the winter where snow events are not unheard of. Heavy rains affect the region, especially about late winter and early spring. The weather in the area is very changeable, trampers in the region need to be on the look out for dangerous weather conditions.</p><br>
<h2>Hydroelectric power scheme</h2><br>
<p>The Waikaremoana Hydroelectric Power Scheme appears to be the only example of a hydroelectric power station being built on a natural landslide dam.</p><br>
<h3>Modifying the natural dam</h3><br>
<p>The stability of the natural dam has been the subject of intense engineering review, both at the time of construction and subsequently. Construction of an outlet tunnel through the slip, which commenced in 1935, required extensive grouting around the control structures and throughout tunnel construction. Work was suspended at the end of 1936 because Bob Semple, the newly elected Minister for Public Works, wanted the tunnelling project reconsidered for "risk, cost and value". A new tunnelling scheme was devised in 1941 based on what had been learned from initial exporatory tunnelling and work recommenced in 1943 and continued for about 5 years because of continual problems with dewatering the tunnels. After the tunnels and intake headworks had been completed the natural dam was sealed for leaks on the lake side by removing submerged timber, a task that took a year and then applying 40,000 cubic metres of crushed rock and clay-like pumice in 6 layers, then covering those layers with a top layer of larger rock and spalls to protect the material from wave action. This sealing reduced the natural flow by about 80%. The sealing of the lake was only done after tunnelling was completed otherwise it would have caused the lake level to rise and make tunnelling more difficult. As it was, the lake level had to be lowered by temporary syphons to enable the construction of the headworks and make sealing of the natural dam easier.</p><br>
<h3>Power stations</h3><br>
<p>Although the Waikaretaheke River carries a flow of about 17 m³/s from Lake Waikaremoana, the head of water through the 3 power stations, Kaitawa, Tuai, and Piripaua is around 450 metres, allowing the stations to potentially generate 138 megawatts all up. The 250m head of water for the Kaitawa station is the highest for a dam in New Zealand and among the highest in the world.</p><br>
<p>Lake Waikareiti, also spelt Lake Waikare Iti, is located in Te Urewera National Park in the North Island of New Zealand. A number of hiking trails are found within the catchment basin of the lake.</p><br>
<p>Its formation followed a landslide 18,000 years ago, in which a part of the landmass of 10 kilometers wide slid to the north-west. It is four kilometres to the northeast of the larger Lake Waikaremoana, into which it drains via the Aniwaniwa Stream. The smaller lake&#39;s surface is at an altitude of 880 metres above sea level - considerably higher than that of Waikaremoana - and as such the stream has several fine waterfalls such as the Aniwaniwa Falls and Mokau Falls.</p><br>
<p>Several small islets are found in the lake. One of these, Rahui, itself contains a tiny lake - one of New Zealand&#39;s very rare lakes within lakes.</p><br>
<p>Numerous flora species are found within the lake catchment basin, crown fern (Blechnum discolor) being a widespread understory plant. An assortment of birds found in the North Island are present at the national park except for the weka.</p><br>
<p>The Kyles of Bute  is a narrow sea channel that separates the northern end of the Isle of Bute from the Cowal peninsula in Argyll and Bute, on the Scottish mainland.</p><br>
<p>The narrowest strait is only some 300m across and is spanned by the Calmac ferry from Rhubodach to Colintraive.</p><br>
<p>The Kyles are split into the East and West kyles. The East Kyle (An Caol an Ear) runs from Rothesay Bay North west up to the entrance to Loch Riddon. Here at the northern end of the East Kyle are the Burnt Islands and the island of Eilean Dubh. The West Kyle (An Caol an Iar/An Caol Ceathrach) runs from here southwest, past the village of Tighnabruaich out to the Sound of Bute. The Kyles are designated as a National Scenic Area.</p><br>
<p>The Kyles are reflected in the name of Tighnabruaich-based Shinty team Kyles Athletic.</p><br>
<p>Lake Ülemiste  is the largest of the lakes surrounding Tallinn, Estonia. Ülemiste is the main part of the Tallinn water supply system, where most of the city gets its drinking water from. The lake is fed mostly by Kurna stream and Pirita River .</p><br>
<p>Lennart Meri Tallinn Airport is located on the eastern shore of the lake and aircraft regularly take off and land over the lake. The airport maintains the necessary equipment ready to tow out in a short time any aircraft that crashes into the lake, as required by ICAO regulations.</p><br>
<p>The Tallinn Water Company, AS Tallinna Vesi, has a treatment plant on the North shore of the lake which supplies 90% of the water to the city. The remaining 10% comes from ground water wells which, whilst are not necessary as the lake can supply the entire city, are nevertheless maintained as a backup in case the lake ever became contaminated. Such a risk is not trivial considering the proximity of Tallinn Airport to the lake.</p><br>
<p>On 18 March 2010, a DHL Antonov An-26 aircraft made an emergency landing on the ice of Lake Ülemiste. Approximately 1 ton of fuel leaked out of it and two members of the crew were injured. Fortunately, all of the pollution was eventually removed.</p><br>
<p>Administratively Lake Ülemiste is part of Tallinn&#39;s central district Kesklinn, and constitutes Ülemistejärve subdistrict with its neighbouring forests., the population of the subdistrict is 203.</p><br>
<h2>Mythology and fiction</h2><br>
<p>In the lake there is boulder called Lindakivi ("Lindas rock"). In Estonian mythology, it is believed to be one of the boulders Linda was supposed to carry to Kalevs grave at Toompea, but which fell off her apron. She sat on the boulder and cried, thus creating the lake.</p><br>
<p>The legendary-mythological "Ülemiste Elder" (Ülemiste vanake) is believed to live in the lake. If anyone should meet him, then he is believed to ask: "Is Tallinn ready yet?". If then the other person answered "yes", then he would flood the city. Thus, the correct answer would be: "No, there is much to be done yet".</p><br>
<p>El Capitan is a peak in Culberson County, Texas, located within Guadalupe Mountains National Park. The 10th-highest peak in Texas at 8,085 ft , El Capitan is part of the Guadalupe Mountains, an exposed portion of a Permian-era reef uplifted and exposed by tectonic activity during the late Cretaceous period. The southern terminus of the Guadalupe Mountains, El Capitan looms over USA 62/180, where its imposing height and stark outline have made it one of the iconic images of the Trans-Pecos to generations of travelers.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>El Capitan is the southern-most peak of the Guadalupe escarpment, an ancient limestone reef that forms the present-day Guadalupe Mountains. These mountains are an exposed portion of the Capitan Reef Barrier, a 350-mile long reef constructed primarily from calcareous sponges, encrusting algae, such as stromatolites, and lime-rich mud directly from the ocean. This reef surrounded much of the Delaware Sea, an inland ocean that covered parts of modern southern New Mexico and Trans-Pecos Texas in the Permian era (about 290 million years ago). Near the end of the upper Permian era, in the Ochoan epoch, the outlet that allowed sea water to enter the inland waters began to silt over, occasionally closing the inland sea from its source. Mineral-rich and cut off from replenishment, the inland sea began to evaporate into layers of alternating gray anhydrite/gypsum, brown calcite, and halite, which formed the Castile Formation. As salt concentrations increased, laminated halite, anhydrite, sylvite, and polyhalite formed the Salado Formation, which eventually covered and grew beyond the lower Castile Formation.</p><br>
<p>By the end of the Ochoan, these deposits had filled the roughly 1800-ft-deep basin and covered the reef with dry land. Red silt and sand deposited by rivers crossing these new lands eventually formed the dolomitic Rustler Formation, and the Dewey Lake Formation, burying the reef even deeper. The Capitan Reef stayed buried for over 150 million years, until the late Cretaceous period of the Mesozoic era (80 million years ago), when tectonic activity associated with the Laramide Orogeny caused a significant uplift in the area and created a major fault line, the Border Fault, in the area west of the Delaware Basin. Exposing the Guadalupe Mountains area of the reef, the impact of this tectonic event can be clearly seen in the difference in height between the towering El Capitan and the adjacent salt flat graben, vertically driven 1,000 feet apart by the uplift. Once exposed, the natural forces of wind and rain slowly stripped away the softer sediments, further uncovering the ancient reef and revealing the sheer limestone walls of the Guadalupe Mountains.</p><br>
<h2>Human History</h2><br>
<p>Deep in the Chihuahuan Desert, the area around El Capitan is composed of rugged mountains and wind-swept salt flats. As a result, most of the Native American presence in the vicinity was centered around 3 miles southeast of El Capitan in the area now called Pine Springs. An oasis of springs, seeps, and vegetation, this area exhibits evidence (mescal dumps, petroglyphs, artifacts, etc.) of human occupation for several centuries. Most recently, the area was a seasonal home to bands of the Mescalero Apache, who steadily pushed south by the fiercely expansionist Comanche in the 18th century, used their local knowledge of springs and other scarce resources to maintain themselves in an otherwise harsh environment well into the 19th century, when Anglo expansion and settlement ended their delicately balanced way of life.</p><br>
<p>While the occasional Spanish expedition, such as that of Antonio de Espejo in 1582, came close to the area around El Capitan, permanent Anglo-European presence in the area dates from the late 1840s, when the region officially became a part of the United States after the American victory in the Mexican-American War. Eager to find a suitable trail from San Antonio to El Paso, and eventually the far-flung American territories on the Pacific coast, a number of expeditions pushed into the hot, dry, dangerous lands west of the Pecos, hoping to find a potential wagon route with enough timber and water to make consistent travel possible. One of the expeditions, led by Indian Agent Robert S. Neighbors, made its way to El Paso in 1849 through a difficult journey that required crossing and recrossing the Pecos and Devil’s Rivers, and then surviving the long, dry stretch from the Davis Mountains to El Paso. Dismayed at the prospect of returning by the same route, the party instead struck off east from El Paso towards the Hueco Tanks and Guadalupe Pass, which they hoped to follow to an established crossing of the Pecos River near the modern Texas-New Mexico border long used by Mexicans and Native Americans. Successful in reaching the Pecos, Neighbors quickly descended the river and made his way back to San Antonio, where he reported to his superiors that this route offered good water at Hueco Tanks, good timber near the mountains, and an easy path through Guadalupe Pass to the Pecos. This road, which became known as the “upper” road, to distinguish itself from the original “lower” road through Fort Davis and up the Rio Grande to El Paso, soon became popular among traders and emigrants, their long trains of wagons and mules passing near the brooding face of El Capitan. This traffic increased in 1858 as the Butterfield Stagecoach began to use the upper road between El Paso and the ford on the Pecos called Pope’s Crossing, after John Pope, the Army officer who had surveyed the crossing two years before. Taking advantage of the water and timber available, the stagecoach line constructed a station at the Pinery, later called Pine Springs, 3 miles southeast of El Capitan.</p><br>
<p>Though this station only lasted a year before the route was moved south to come under the protection of Forts Stockton and Davis, the Pinery station continued to be used by soldiers, freighters, and emigrants long after.</p><br>
<p>During this period, El Capitan also bore witness to the El Paso Salt War, a violent struggle between Mexican-American residents and Anglo businessmen over access to the salt flats extending west from the base of the mountain. Long known to the Apache, the salt flats were first identified by Europeans in 1692 by the expedition of Diego de Vargas. Quickly becoming an important local resource, generations of Mexicans, and later, Mexican-Americans, braved the hot, dangerous, four-day trail from San Elizario on the Rio Grande to the Hueco Mountains and then east towards El Capitan to fill their wagons with the precious salt. This all changed in the late 1840s, when the region began to have a larger Anglo presence. While Mexican law and tradition had held the salt flats as communal property, American tradition considered them unclaimed lands, which could be claimed by any citizen and purchased as private property. By the 1870s, attempts by local businessmen to claim the salt flats were being met with violent opposition by local residents, for whom the free salt was an important adjunct to the regional economy of farming and ranching. The conflict came to a head in December 1877, when Charles Howard, who had attempted to claim the salt flats, and two colleagues were murdered by an angry mob. This quickly led to widespread violence against local Mexican-American families, leading many to flee south of the Rio Grande. By the time the dust had settled, the salt flats had been claimed and local residents were forced to pay for the salt that for centuries had been free.</p><br>
<p>By the early decades of the 20th century, an all-weather road had been constructed between El Paso and Carlsbad, New Mexico. Commissioned in 1928 as USA Highway 62, the road brought a new generation of visitors to the area, particularly after the opening of nearby Carlsbad Caverns National Park in 1930. Decades before the creation of Guadalupe Mountains National Park, travelers by car and bus were already stopping at roadside rest stops to marvel at the sheer sides of El Capitan, take pictures, and write quick messages on the backs of postcards emblazoned with the mountain’s imposing face.</p><br>
<p>During this period, the land that included El Capitan was owned by James Adolphus Williams, whose Williams Ranch house is still extant on park land west of the mountain. After several economic setbacks, Williams sold the land in 1941 to Judge J.C. Hunter of Van Horn, Texas, a prosperous oilman and early conservationist whose Guadalupe Mountains Ranch eventually included 75,000 acres of land in the Guadalupes, including parts of McKittrick Canyon. An early advocate for establishing a park to protect the southern Guadalupes, Hunter campaigned for several years until his death in 1945. Inheriting his father’s desire to see the area protected, both for its scenic beauty and geological significance, Hunter&#39;s son, J.C. Hunter, Jr., worked with officials of the National Park Service to construct a deal that would enable the Park Service to purchase the land for use as a national park. Forced to run a tortuous gauntlet of state and federal legislators, park officials, and road engineers, as well as property owners and local ranchers, the Hunter donation, which included El Capitan and Guadalupe Peak, was finally deeded over to the Park Service in 1969. Three years later, Guadalupe Mountains National Park was officially opened, allowing public access to the area.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>As previously noted, El Capitan is located within the boundaries of Guadalupe Mountains National Park, a fee-area located on USA Highway 62/180 between Carlsbad and El Paso. The southern terminus of the Guadalupe range, El Capitan is guarded by cliffs on three sides, and those faces are rarely climbed due to the unstable condition of the rock and the sheer nature of the peak. While no trail to the summit has been developed, hikers can climb up to the top of El Capitan by first climbing to near the summit of Guadalupe Peak on the developed 4.5-mile Guadalupe Peak Trail, scrambling down to the south onto the Guadalupe Peak-El Capitan saddle, and then hiking up the back of El Capitan to the summit.</p><br>
<p>Pisgah Crater, or Pisgah Volcano, is a young volcanic cinder cone rising above a lava plain in the Mojave Desert, between Barstow and Needles, California in San Bernardino County, California. The volcanic peak is around 2.5 mi south of historic USA Route 66-National Old Trails Highway and of Interstate 40, and west of the town of Ludlow. The volcano had a historic elevation of 2,638 ft, but has been reduced to 2,545 ft due to mining.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The volcano was the site of the Mount Pisgah Volcanic Cinders Mine, a cinder quarry that produced pumice for commercial use, the primary end product being railroad ballast for the Santa Fe Railroad. The mountain is currently owned by Can-Cal Resources Limited, a Canadian company specializing in exploration of precious minerals in California.</p><br>
<p>Mining has had a severe environmental impact; the top of the mountain has been removed and the sides of this historically symmertrical mountain have been scoured into an irregular shape. The mountain is still occasionally quarried for various cinder products, and sand from the mountain was used to depict the black sands of Iwo Jima in the film Letters from Iwo Jima.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Currently, the crater stands 98 meters (321 feet) above the surrounding High Desert terrain, and has a base diameter of 488 meters (1,600 feet). It has lost much of its original cinder cone shape to ongoing aggregate mining operations, in addition to minor natural erosion.</p><br>
<p>The mountain contains a large number of lava tubes, which are frequented by cavers. The most well known cave is the 1,300 ft-long SPJ Cave.</p><br>
<p>Located in the Basin and Range Province, the Mojave Valley and then the Cady Mountains lie to the north of the peak, while the Rodman Mountains lie to the west. The Lava Bed Mountains lie to the south, and the Bullion Mountains lie to the southeast.</p><br>
<h3>Recreation</h3><br>
<p>The crater and much of the surrounding lava field are on private property. Despite this, the lava tubes in the area are a somewhat popular and easily accessible destination for caving. Historic Lavic Siding is to the east, with the Mojave National Preserve beyond.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>There is no reliable date of when Pisgah Crater last erupted. Some believe that Pisgah Volcano is the youngest vent, of four cinder cones, in the Lavic Lake volcanic field. There may have been activity at this site as recent as 2,000 years ago; however others believe the last eruption occurred as early as 20,000 to 50,000 years ago. It is too young for the commonly used potassium-argon dating technique usable on specimens over 100,000 years old; as the volcano is basaltic, finding a reliable source of potassium for dating purposes would be difficult anyway. No charred organic material for radiocarbon dating has been found.</p><br>
<p>Lava at nearby and similarly active Amboy Crater is interbedded with Bristol Playa sediments at a depth of about 9 meters (30 feet) which are approximately 100,000 years old. Recent argon-argon dating reveals an age of approximately 18,000 years ± 5,000 years (~90% certainty) for the most recent flow.</p><br>
<p>Lava flows extend 18 km to the west and 8 km to southeast of the cone, containing basalt primarily of the pahoehoe texture, with some a&#39;a. The flows contain numerous lava tubes and caves. The cindercone volcano itself shows signs of oxidization prominent in the reddish/orange/brown appearance of much of the upper portions.</p><br>
<p>The volcano is a very popular field site for geology instruction. On some weekends, it is not uncommon to find university classes and professional seminar groups around the mountain. Quarrying operations and geological survey activity also occurs at the mountain every so often.</p><br>
<h3>Eruptive history</h3><br>
<p>The volcano erupted at least three times, emptying the magma chamber below. All three eruptions produced porphyritic basalt, although rocks from the first eruptive phase are almost aphanitic. The first eruption was a basaltic flow that created the extensive lava fields visible from Interstate 40. Due to evidence from intrusive structures, it is believed that the cinder cone was formed around this time, although rocks from this eruptive phase are not present on the surface of the cinder cone. The second phase produced similarly extensive flows, while the third eruption produced substantial amounts of tephra. It is believed that most of the present cinder cone consists of pyroclastic material that originated from this final eruption.</p><br>
<h3>Composition</h3><br>
<p>The lava found around the volcano consists of a&#39;a and pahoehoe, with considerable concentrations of olivine (weathering to iddingsite) and plagioclase. Large amounts of gypsum can be found coating rocks near the cinder cone.</p><br>
<p>Wildwood Lake is a natural lake located in Suffolk County on Long Island in Northampton near Riverhead, New York, United States. The lake was formed by glaciers during the last Ice age. There is a variety of fish species present in the lake, including:</p><br>
<p>Largemouth Bass</p><br>
<p>Chain Pickerel</p><br>
<p>Pumpkinseed</p><br>
<p>Yellow Perch</p><br>
<p>White Perch</p><br>
<p>Brown bullhead</p><br>
<p>Rock Bass</p><br>
<p>The lake is also stocked with Trout by the Town of Southampton.</p><br>
<p>Fishing in Wildwood Lake is limited to Southampton residents or persons accompanied by a resident guide only. There is a state DEC access ramp for small hand- or electric-powered craft, but fishing is limited, as stated above.</p><br>
<p>It is said that there was once a road crossing through the middle of the lake, but it has never been proven.</p><br>
<p>Cumbe Mayo is at an average altitude of 3,500 meters above sea level and 20 kilometers southwest from Cajamarca. Built by an advanced pre-Inca society around 1500 B.C.E, the Cumbe Mayo, which translates to thin river, is thought to be one of the oldest man-made structures in South America. It lies in the Archaeological Complex of Cumbemayo, a place where the highest hydraulic technology of ancient Peruvian communities and the impact of time upon nature are wonderfully combined.</p><br>
<h2>Date</h2><br>
<p>The canals at Cumbe Mayo are thought to be at least 3,000 years old. Archeologists aren’t exactly sure why they were built, but it’s thought that the canals were meant to slow down and regulate the movement of water. They were likely constructed using obsidian hammers.</p><br>
<h2>Aqueduct</h2><br>
<p>One of the main attractions of Cumbemayo, or "Narrow River" in Cajamarca Quechua, is the aqueduct. This is a canal of approximately 9 km in length, carefully carved in volcanic rock to divert the water from the hills to cultivation fields and a large reservoir; which is presumably originally at the foot of the Santa Apolonia Hill.</p><br>
<p>Heading towards the aqueduct one can observe some stairways sculpted in stone, and a carved stone which had been used as a ceremonial altar. Also prominent is the Sanctuary a huge cliff resembling a man&#39;s head, whose mouth would be a grotto, where interesting but undecipherable petroglyphs have been found. The caves and shelters of the area evidence other stone engravings, where visitors claim to see anthropomorphic images.</p><br>
<p>The aqueduct winds down the hills toward the city of Cajamarca, stretching out over about five miles (8 km) in length. The canals brought water from the high grounds to the valleys below, which was especially valuable during times of water scarcity. A number of petroglyphs are also scattered around the aqueduct and in surrounding caves. These symbols provide additional insight into the people who constructed the canals.</p><br>
<h2>Cumbe Mayo and Los Frailones</h2><br>
<p>Built by an advanced pre-Inca society around 1500 B.C.E, the Cumbe Mayo, which translates to thin river, is thought to be one of the oldest man-made structures in South America. It carefully follows the grade of the land, draining water from the hills’ melting snow, to the arid cities in the valleys below. As water was a scarcity, it was worshipped by the Cajamarca people thousands of years ago, and every drop was carefully collected.</p><br>
<h3>Petroglyphs</h3><br>
<p>Besides the aqueduct, which is cut from the volcanic rock around it, a number of petroglyphs on the structures and in surrounding caves provide some insight into the culture that built the infrastructure.</p><br>
<h3>Stone pillars</h3><br>
<p>Towering above the Cumbe Mayo, are Los Frailones, the Stone Monks. Los Frailones are massive volcanic pillars, some stretching as high as 60 feet(18 m). The stone forests suddenly appear from the landscape, starkly contrasting the flat, grass-covered plains around Cajamarca. The erosive forces of wind and rain likely carved out the pillars.</p><br>
<p>Many of the pillars, carved by wind and rain have taken on new shapes, resembling hands and even animals, and allowing the mind to wander in the pristine Peruvian setting. Their impressive and rare geological formations, where some will identify the shapes of monks forming part of procession. For this reason, this stone forest located in Cumbemayo is known as Los Frailones(The Friars).</p><br>
<p>Although the stone forests and ancient ruins of pre-Incan society give the area a beautiful and almost spiritual dimension, it is hard to overlook Cajamarca’s tragic history, as the location where Spanish forces slaughtered the Incas, thousands of years after Cumbe Mayo was constructed.</p><br>
<p>The Lovell House or Lovell Health House is an International style modernist residence designed and built by Richard Neutra between 1927 and 1929. The home, located at 4616 Dundee Drive in Los Angeles, California, was built for the physician and naturopath Philip Lovell. It is considered a major monument in architectural history, and was a turning point in Neutra&#39;s career.</p><br>
<p>It is often described as the first steel frame house in the United States, and also an early example of the use of gunite (sprayed-on concrete). Neutra was familiar with steel construction due to his earlier work with the Chicago firm Holabird & Roche. Neutra served as the contractor for the project in order to manage the cost and quality.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The house aesthetically follows many of the principles of the International Style. It was included in the 1932 exhibit at the Museum of Modern Art in New York that retrospectively defined the style. In essence it reflects Neutras interest in industrial production, and this is most evident in the repetitive use of factory-made window assemblies. In fact, Neutras apprentice Harwell Hamilton Harris suggested that Neutra was drawn to America because of Henry Ford.</p><br>
<p>The interior reflects Neutra&#39;s interest in Cubism, transparency, and hygiene. The "minimal" detailing shows the influence of Irving Gill. In another nod to industrial production, Neutra installed two Ford Model-A headlights in the main stairwell. (The headlights were provided by Neutra apprentice Gregory Ain.) The Historic American Buildings Survey described the Lovell House as "a prime example of residential architecture where technology creates the environment."</p><br>
<p>Philip Lovell was enchanted with the house and praised his architect publicly. Lovell had previously commissioned architect Rudolf Schindler to build the landmark Lovell Beach House in 1926. Neutra and Schindler were contemporaries in Europe and the Neutras lived with the Schindlers (Schindler House) when they first settled in Los Angeles in 1925. Dr. Lovell chose Neutra instead of Schindler to build his Los Angeles home while they were living under the same roof. Neutra was known for his relationships with his clients—he thought of himself as a therapist and the client his patient. He spent time getting to know his clients and analyzed their needs.</p><br>
<p>The Lovell House was added to the list of Registered Historic Places in Los Angeles in 1971.</p><br>
<h2>In film productions</h2><br>
<p>The house was used in the 1997 film L.A. Confidential as the home of Pierce Morehouse Patchett, played by David Strathairn. It was also depicted in the film Beginners (Mike Mills, 2010) as the home of Oliver (Ewan McGregor) and his father Hal (Christopher Plummer).</p><br>
<p>Mount Tamalpais  is a peak in Marin County, California, United States, often considered symbolic of Marin County. Much of Mount Tamalpais is protected within public lands such as Mount Tamalpais State Park, the Marin Municipal Water District watershed, and National Park Service land, such as Muir Woods.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Mount Tamalpais is the highest peak in the Marin Hills, which are part of the Northern California Coast Ranges. The elevation at the West Peak, its highest point, where a radar dome currently stands, is at about 2,576 ft. It stood over 2,600 ft before the summit was flattened for the radar dome construction. The East Peak, the mountain&#39;s second highest peak, is 2,572 ft. The mountain is clearly visible from the city of San Francisco and the East Bay region.</p><br>
<p>The majority of the mountain is contained in protected public lands, including Mount Tamalpais State Park, Muir Woods National Monument, and the Mount Tamalpais Watershed. It adjoins the Golden Gate National Recreation Area (which in turn adjoins Point Reyes National Seashore) as well as several Marin County Open Space Preserves. This provides nearly 40 mi of continuous publicly accessible open space. Some of the lower slopes of Mount Tamalpais fall within several cities and unincorporated communities of Marin County, including Mill Valley, Tamalpais-Homestead Valley, Stinson Beach, and Kentfield. These areas are generally developed, consisting of mostly low-density single-family homes.</p><br>
<h2>Natural history</h2><br>
<h3>Geology and soils</h3><br>
<p>Like the rest of the California Coast Ranges, Mount Tamalpais is the result of uplift, buckling, and folding of the North American plate as it slides along the Pacific Plate near the San Andreas fault zone.</p><br>
<p>In 2004 it was suggested by a team of Penn State geoscientists that a blind thrust fault, like the one that caused the infamous Northridge earthquake, lies beneath Mount Tamalpais. This idea was partly based on the steepness of Mount Tamalpais and of nearby Bolinas Ridge, such steepness on the visible surface often being the result of blind thrust faults. Another reason for the suggestion was that the San Andreas Fault creeps more slowly south of Mount Tamalpais than it does in its sections north of Mount Tamalpais and in the Olema Valley, and that the existence of a blind thrust fault may explain the different creeping velocities. If a blind thrust fault does exist under Mount Tamalpais, and if it ruptures, it could be potentially devastating to the North Bay, San Francisco, and any other nearby locale resting on unstable earth and loose fill.</p><br>
<p>Major Mount Tamalpais rockforms include serpentine, particularly evident in outcroppings near the summit and on the north side. A number of serpentine endemic plants grow in the serpentine soils in this part of the mountain.</p><br>
<h3>Hydrology</h3><br>
<p>Since the steep slopes of Mount Tamalpais force out moisture from passing storms and/or fog, the mountain supports several year-round streams like Redwood Creek on the southern face of the mountain down into Muir Woods. The steep southeastern slopes of Mount Tamalpais drain to Arroyo Corte Madera del Presidio, which in turn discharges to Richardson Bay.</p><br>
<h3>Climate</h3><br>
<p>With its height, various faces, and proximity to the ocean and bay, the mountain contains many microclimates, ranging from cool and foggy in lower ocean-facing valleys with their redwood forests, to hot and dry on the manzanita slopes, cool and breezy at the summit, and shady on the heavily Douglas-fir-forested north slopes near Alpine Lake.</p><br>
<p>Annual precipitation around Mount Tamalpais varies greatly from around 27.5–31.5 inches (700–800 mm) in the drier, eastern foothills to about 59 inches (1,500 mm) near the Bolinas Ridge, close to the Pacific Ocean. Both Mount Tamalpais and the Bolinas Ridge force moisture out of the air efficiently, since the air is cooled rapidly as it ascends the steep mountain faces and thus Mount Tamalpais&#39;s western part is heavily forested with tall redwoods and Douglas firs. The same fact holds for the steep, south-facing bowl canyon that Muir Woods is located in, with precipitation in Redwood Canyon at around 39.4–47.2 inches (1,000–1,200 mm).</p><br>
<p>As in San Francisco, most of the annual precipitation falls during the winter months. During cold, wet winter storms, the mountain also regularly gets some snowfall, sometimes as much as 6 in overnight, as observed in February 2001, March 2006, and February 2011. The region sometimes gets hit with strong Pacific storms that may topple trees, and bring hurricane-force winds to exposed, barren areas like the Bolinas Ridge and the summit of Mount Tamalpais. In summer, the area gets almost no precipitation, except for fog drip that occurs in Muir Woods, the Bolinas Ridge and the western end of Mount Tamalpais, where summer fog and oceanic breezes are more prevalent. In contrast, the eastern foothills, sheltered from the oceanic breezes and fog, are drier, since the foothills force little moisture out of the air. This leads to the fact that the eastern slopes contain only oak, pine, chaparral shrub, coastal sage scrub, grassland and sparse Douglas-fir forest. Coastal sage scrub also occurs on some of the exposed coastal slopes.</p><br>
<p>Temperatures on top of Mount Tamalpais are generally somewhat cooler than places next to the San Francisco Bay or the ocean due to elevation. In summer, however, the top of Mount Tamalpais may actually be warmer than the middle, foggy elevations due to a thermal inversion. The summer fog and breezes make locations on Mount Tamalpais, closer to the ocean, cooler than the blazing hot interior valleys.</p><br>
<h3>Plant communities</h3><br>
<p>Hardwood woodland types are generally subtypes of California oak woodland, including oak-bay-madrone forest, oak woodland, and oak savannah. Oak-bay-madrone forests are found in areas with moderate moisture and particularly favor north-facing slopes. They are dominated by one or more of three hardwood tree species – Coast Live Oak, California bay, and madrone. Coast live oak tends to be dominant in somewhat drier areas, while bay is more dominant in shadier, moister areas; madrone is abundant in certain soil types in both moist and dry spots. Oak woodlands are a more open-canopy forest dominated by coast live oak, while oak savannah has a completely open canopy and represents a mixture of coast live oak woodland and grassland.</p><br>
<p>The great diversity of microclimates on Mount Tamalpais ensures a wide variety of plant communities as well. Plant communities on the mountain include various types of hardwood and coniferous forests, coastal scrub, chaparral, grassland, and wetland vegetation. Wholly or partially coniferous forest types are found in the moistest areas of Mount Tamalpais. Coast redwood forests are restricted to areas where the particular ecological needs of redwood are met: areas characterized by high overall moisture, low elevations below the fog line, and deep soils. Muir Woods is the most extensive and best-known redwood forest of the Mount Tamalpais area. Mixed evergreen forests of various combinations of tanoak, madrone, coast and canyon live oak, and Douglas-fir are found in moist areas on middle to high elevations on the mountain. Very moist areas of mixed evergreen forest may also include bay, redwood, and California torreya. Areas in which mixed evergreen forests are predominant include areas of Fairfax-Bolinas Road and Ridgecrest Boulevard and around Alpine Lake.</p><br>
<p>Various kinds of scrub communities are also widespread. Low-elevation areas below the fog line with relatively low overall rainfall or thin soils are often the site of a northern coastal scrub community characterized by coastal sage-coyote brush association, with lesser amounts of poison-oak, bush monkeyflower, California blackberry, western bracken fern, and various species of grasses and forbs. Chaparral is predominant in areas characterized by thin, rocky soils and little moisture. Two main types of chaparral are found the mountain chamise chaparral and manzanita chaparral. Chamise is dominant in the hottest, most xeric areas of the mountain, particularly on south- and west-facing slopes, while manzanita is dominant in other xeric areas, particularly on east-facing slopes and forest borders. Areas of mixed chamise-manzanita chaparral occur in relatively more mesic areas; Ceanothus and dwarfed interior live oak may also predominate on such sites. Areas in which various kinds of chaparral communities are dominant include areas along Old Railroad Grade.</p><br>
<p>Grassland areas are also common on Mount Tamalpais. Native perennial bunchgrass species were originally dominant, but most of these grasslands are now dominated by invasive annual grasses of European origin. Native grasslands, still found in a few isolated areas, are of two types. Northern coastal prairie is found below the fog line and is characterized by a Festuca-Danthonia association, while valley grassland, found in drier areas, is dominated by Nassella pulchra, with Elymus glaucus and Leymus triticoides also being common.</p><br>
<p>Wetland vegetation types found on Mount Tamalpais include coastal riparian forests, wet meadows, and some marsh areas. Coastal riparian forest is predominant along the valley streams of Mount Tamalpais. Red and white alder (Alnus rubra and Alnus rhombifolia) and arroyo and yellow willow (Salix lasiolepis and S. lasiandra) are dominant in these types of woodland, with bigleaf maple (Acer macrophyllum), box-elder (Acer negundo ssp. californicum), and California bay also being common. while High Marsh represents a rare example of a marsh community on the mountain.</p><br>
<p>Serpentine soils have a high rate of endemism and are the site of several unique subtypes of the above plant communities. Serpentine grasslands are some of the few grasslands in which native perennial grasses are still relatively dominant. Serpentine chaparral forms a unique plant community, dominated by dwarfed leather oak (Quercus durata), Jepson ceanothus (Ceanothus jepsonii), Tamalpais manzanita (Arctostaphylos montana), and Sargent cypress (Cupressus sargentii). On the upper slopes of the mountain, small groves of Sargent cypress trees up to 50 feet (15 m) tall can be found in serpentine areas.</p><br>
<p>Several species of endemic plants are found only on serpentine soils; these species may be widespread, but only occur on serpentine soils, or the may be more restricted, only growing in a few other places besides Mount Tamalpais, or may even be restricted just to Mount Tamalpais. The Mount Tamalpais thistle (Cirsium hydrophilum var. vaseyi), for example, is a rare variety of thistle known only from the serpentine seeps of the mountain. The Mount Tamalpais jewelflower (Streptanthus batrachopus) is also limited to the area.</p><br>
<h3>Wildlife</h3><br>
<p>Mount Tamalpais provides one of the last remaining wildlife refuges in the Bay Area. Urbanization has invaded wildlife habitat, forcing many fauna in southern Marin County to retreat up onto Mount Tamalpais, Muir Woods, and the Bolinas Ridge. A wide variety of avifauna, amphibians, arthropods and mammals are found on Mount Tamalpais, including a number of rare and endangered species. Nonetheless, Mt. Tamalpais and the neighboring Golden Gate Recreation Area together encompass over 115 square miles (298 square kilometers) of land, forming one of the largest preserved parklands located near a USA urban center.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology and cultural history</h2><br>
<p>The name Tamalpais was first recorded in 1845. It comes from the Coast Miwok name for this mountain, támal pájiṣ, literally "west hill". Various different folk etymologies also exist, but they are unsubstantiated. One holds that it comes from the Spanish Tamal país, meaning "Tamal country," Tamal being the name that the Spanish missionaries gave to the Coast Miwok people. Another holds that the name is the Coast Miwok word for "sleeping maiden" and is taken from a "Legend of the Sleeping Maiden." However, this legend actually has no basis in Coast Miwok myth and is instead a piece of Victorian-era apocrypha. Another suggests a tie to the Asian origins of the Miwoks, where "pais" means place and "tamal" is a tribe in Siberia.</p><br>
<p>The Coast Miwok are said to have believed that an evil witch dwelled at the top of Mount Tamalpais and therefore never set foot on the peak. However, it has been said the Miwoks only said this in order to keep settlers off the sacred mountain.</p><br>
<p>Tamalpais was home to the Mount Tamalpais and Muir Woods Railway, also known as "The Crookedest Railroad in the World," a railroad which meandered its way up to the peak from downtown Mill Valley until a road was constructed to the peak, and automobiles gained popularity. The 8-mile standard-gauge railroad required geared steam locomotives and operated from 1896 to 1930.</p><br>
<p>Early wireless towers were constructed on the mountain in the early 20th century, only to be destroyed by one of the periodic hurricane-force windstorms.</p><br>
<p>The USA Weather Bureau operated a weather station at the site of the now defunct Mill Valley Air Force Station for many years.</p><br>
<p>The peak and its surrounding areas are the birthplace of mountain biking in the 1970s, where early mountain bikers such as Gary Fisher, Charlie Kelly, and Joe Breeze were active.</p><br>
<p>British philosopher Alan Watts owned a cabin on Mount Tamalpais later in his life where he ultimately died in his sleep of heart failure on November 16, 1973.</p><br>
<p>In 1979 and 1980, Mount Tamalpais was the scene of a series of murders of hikers carried out by serial killer David Carpenter, also known as the "Trailside Killer."</p><br>
<p>On top of the East Peak is a Fire lookout station, staffed during the summer months by volunteers with the Marin County Fire Department.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>Mount Tamalpais is a popular hiking, picnicking, mountain and road cycling, horseback riding, and hang-gliding destination for residents of the San Francisco Bay Area, with over 100 mi of trails and fire roads. With numerous trailheads, a well-networked trail and road system, and hikes of greatly varying length and difficulty, the mountain offers a compelling range of attractions. Marin Municipal Water District maintains several reservoirs on the north slopes of Mount Tamalpais, including Alpine Lake, Kent Lake, Bon Tempe Lake, Phoenix Lake, and Lake Lagunitas.</p><br>
<p>The western slopes of the mountain descend to the Pacific Ocean at Stinson Beach. The annual Dipsea Race traverses the mountain from Mill Valley to Stinson Beach. Though backpack camping isn&#39;t allowed, walk-in camping exists at the Pantoll and Bootjack campgrounds. The historic Bootjack Campground was originally established in the early 1920s by the Tamalpais Conservation Corps, and the Civilian Conservation Corps further refined the campground facilities in the</p><br>
<p>1930s. Showing substantial signs of overuse, the campground was closed by State Parks in 1969. The Bootjack Campground and Trail were re-opened on Thursday June 5, 2014.</p><br>
<p>Trailhead parking within Mt. Tamalpais State Park is available generally with a self-service fee ($8). The scenic Ridgecrest Blvd. running along the ridgeline between the Rock Spring trailhead and Fairfax-Bolinas Road, with panoramic views of the summit, Pacific, San Francisco, Bolinas, and Point Reyes, is featured in many automobile and other advertisements, as well as being the local hang-gliding launch point. Mount Tam is also home to the Edgewood Botanic Garden and to the Sidney B. Cushing Amphitheatre where Broadway musical productions are performed every year by the. Monthly astronomy viewings and lectures are held at Rock Spring and Mountain Theater April through October.</p><br>
<h3>Hiking and mountain biking</h3><br>
<p>Since the Mount Tamalpais area contains large expanses of undeveloped, natural land, there are many trails and trailheads that criss-cross the area. Many of these trails are popular with hikers and bikers seeking refuge from the urban landscape of the San Francisco Bay Area. Some of these trails, usually the mountaintop or ridgetop trails, provide spectacular views of the San Francisco Bay, Pacific Ocean, or both. Other trails, usually lower elevation valley trails, lead into natural, dense groves of mature Douglas-fir and redwood trees, clear, open grassland, and shrublands. All roads leading to the many trailheads around Mount Tamalpais are usually open, but during fire season some of these roads may be closed due to high fire risk.</p><br>
<p>The many roads, paved and unpaved, that cross the Mount Tamalpais region are particularly popular with mountain bikers, especially on weekends. Mount Tamalpais played a role in the birth of mountain biking many years ago. There has been considerable controversy over trail access for mountain bikes, both in terms of environmental impact and the safety of other trail users. As a result, bicycles have been banned from the majority of narrow, single-track trails, though bicycles are still allowed on fire roads. The fire roads on Mt. Tam are mixed-use and they are popular running, hiking, biking and horseback riding routes.</p><br>
<h3>Art</h3><br>
<h3>Theater</h3><br>
<p>Broadway musicals are performed outdoors, several times each summer, in the stone open air Cushing Memorial Amphitheatre on the southern side of Mt. Tam.</p><br>
<p>Monte Sano Mountain is a mountain located in Huntsville, Alabama. The name Monte Sano is Spanish for "Mountain of health". This name comes from the fact that curative health resorts used to be located on the mountain to take advantage of the fresh air, clean water, and cooler temperatures.</p><br>
<p>The top is relatively flat and lies just under 500 meters above sea level. This elevation is about 300 meters higher than the floor of the Tennessee Valley, which surrounds it. A residential neighborhood occupies the western portion of the top. The eastern portion and slopes of the mountain are occupied by Monte Sano State Park. Monte Sano is connected to Round Top (Burritt) Mountain by a col to the south.</p><br>
<h2>Western Slope</h2><br>
<p>Much of the western slope of the mountain - the backdrop for downtown Huntsville and 2 miles from City Hall - comprises the Monte Sano Nature Preserve owned and managed by the Land Trust of North Alabama. Established in 1987 as Alabama&#39;s first land trust, the Land Trust of North Alabama is an accredited not-for-profit organization dedicated to preserving land, fresh water resources, local farms, and habitat.</p><br>
<p>The Monte Sano Nature Preserve is one of the largest urban nature preserves in the US and one of six nature preserves in the area maintained by the Land Trust. The Monte Sano Nature Preserve consists of over 1,107 acres and offers 23+ miles of public trails. The extensive trail system, along with those of the Land Trust&#39;s Wade mountain, Harvest Square, and Blevins Gap Nature Preserve, are the first to be honored as National Recreation Trails in Madison County.</p><br>
<p>Along with the Land Trust, volunteers have crafted and maintain the trails. Land Trust trails include Three Caves Loop, Bluff Line, Toll Gate, Alms House, Fagan Springs, Oak Park, and Old Railroad Bed trails. The Old Railroad Bed Trail preserves what is left of the path of the steam locomotive that traveled from the Huntsville Depot to the (no longer standing) Hotel Monte Sano from 1888 to 1896. This trail is one of the first 500 Rails to Trails.</p><br>
<h2>Hotel Monte Sano & Railway</h2><br>
<p>The summer months in the late 1800s saw yellow fever, cholera and diphtheria in high proportions. Clean water and sanitary living conditions were found on the mountain and visitors’ health improved. However, because the causes of these diseases were not yet fully understood, many again would become ill after returning home.</p><br>
<p>In 1886, the Hotel Monte Sano was built to serve as a health resort for hundreds of people. The hotel was a three-story 223 room wooden structure of Queen Anne architecture, with rooms costing $11.00 per week, including meals. Resort amusements included horseback riding, two bowling alleys, croquet, billiards, lawn tennis, and beautiful gardens. Patrons traveled the eight miles from the Huntsville Depot to the hotel in four hours by horse and carriage.</p><br>
<p>The popular resort’s register showed guests from every state in the union and from several foreign countries. Visitors included philanthropist William H. Vanderbilt, Viscount William Waldorf Astor, composer Walter Damrosch, and railroad financier Jay Gould.</p><br>
<p>To better serve guests, the eight-mile Monte Sano Railway was created between May and August 1888. The 25 cent train ride took 20 minutes and made three trips per day. However, shortly after completion, the train’s brake sand pipes choked, the wheels jumped the rails, and the train came to a quick stop. There was no injury to passengers or damage to the train, but the incident frightened potential riders. Thereafter, the railway was primarily used for hauling supplies until it went into bankruptcy in 1896.</p><br>
<p>Once the cause and cure for yellow fever and cholera were discovered, a trip to the “Mountain of Health” was no longer necessary. Transportation problems and lack of patrons stifled business to the hotel, and its last season was 1900.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Geologically, Monte Sano is a mesa separated from the main Cumberland Plateau by the Flint River Valley. It is characterized by a resistant sandstone caprock of the Pennsylvanian Pottsville Formation overlying more soluble layers of Mississippian limestone. The Mississippian limestone is rich in marine fossils, especially crinoids and blastoids.</p><br>
<p>Gangkhar Puensum  is the highest mountain in Bhutan and a strong candidate for the highest unclimbed mountain in the world with an elevation of 7,570 m and a prominence of 2,995 m. Its name means "White Peak of the Three Spiritual Brothers".</p><br>
<p>It lies on the border with China (however, see below for disputes about its exact location). After Bhutan was opened for mountaineering in 1983 there were four expeditions that made failed summit attempts in 1985 and 1986. However, in 1998, a team successfully climbed a subsidiary peak of the mountain from Tibet.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The elevation of Gangkhar Puensum was first measured in 1922 but, until recent years, maps of the region were not at all accurate and the mountain was shown in different locations and with markedly different heights. Indeed, because of inadequate mapping, the first team to attempt the summit was unable to find the mountain at all.</p><br>
<p>The book of the 1986 British expedition gives the mountain&#39;s height as 24,770 ft and states that Gangkhar Puensum is completely inside Bhutan, whereas the nearby Kula Kangri is completely inside Tibet. Kula Kangri, 7,554 metres, is a separate mountain 30 km to the northeast which was first climbed in 1986. It is variously mapped and described as being in Tibet or Bhutan.</p><br>
<p>Since 1994, climbing of mountains in Bhutan higher than 6,000 metres has been prohibited out of respect for local spiritual beliefs, and since 2003 mountaineering has been forbidden completely. Gangkhar Puensum may keep its unique status for some time: any higher unclimbed peaks in the world are likely to be subsidiary tops, not separate mountains.</p><br>
<p>In 1998 a Japanese expedition secured permission from the Chinese Mountaineering Association to climb the mountain, but permission was withdrawn because of a political issue with Bhutan. Instead, in 1999, the team set off from Tibet and successfully climbed the 7,535 metre subsidiary peak Liankang Kangri (also known as Gangkhar Puensum North). Unlike most maps, the expedition&#39;s report shows this summit as being in Tibet and the Tibet–Bhutan border is shown crossing the summit of Gangkhar Puensum, described as "the highest peak in Bhutan," at 7,570 metres. This elevation is supported by Japanese sources, in turn based on Chinese sources. It has not been surveyed by Bhutan.</p><br>
<p>Green Island in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, is an island at the junction of the Rideau River, just off Sussex Drive in Ottawa at the Rideau Falls at the confluence with the Ottawa River. It is situated near the neighbourhood of New Edinburgh.</p><br>
<p>To the west of the island is the National Research Council, and the Global Affairs Canada (formerly Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development Canada); to the east is 24 Sussex Drive and the embassy of France. On either side of the falls are facilities for a hydroelectric power plant.</p><br>
<p>Down the Rideau river are the ruins of a rail bridge that once led to Ottawa&#39;s Union Station.</p><br>
<h2>Commemorations</h2><br>
<p>Green Island has several commemorations including:</p><br>
<p>the Mackenzie-Papineau Monument to Canadian veterans of the Spanish Civil War,</p><br>
<p>the Ottawa Memorial was erected in the form of a huge bronze globe by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission and Public Works Canada. The memorial was unveiled by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II on July 1, 1959. The Ottawa Memorial commemorates approximately 800 men and women who were in active service or in training with the Commonwealth air forces in Canada, the Caribbean and the United States, who died during the Second World War. They have no known grave, or were buried at remote crash sites that are considered to be inaccessible.</p><br>
<p>the National Artillery Monument was unveiled by Major-General Georges P. Vanier on September 21, 1959 in Major&#39;s Hill Park. The Monument was moved to Green Island in 1997 as part of the National Capital Commission’s restructuring plan. On 24 May 1998, the monument was rededicated on Green Island. On November 11 of each year, a memorial service is held at National Artillery Monument immediately following the national ceremony at the Cenotaph. A wreath is laid by the Colonel Commandant or the Director of Artillery on behalf of The Royal Regiment of Canadian Artillery.</p><br>
<p>A sculpture of Lieutenant Colonel John McCrae by Ruth Abernethy was erected in 2015 with his dress as an artillery officer and his medical bag nearby, as he writes In Flanders Fields. The statue shows the destruction of the battlefield and, at his feet, the poppies which are a symbol of Remembrance of World War I and all armed conflict since.</p><br>
<h2>Ottawa City Hall (1958–2001)</h2><br>
<p>Green Island was the location of Old City Hall, of the old city of Ottawa, before the amalgamation of the region in 2001. After considering 36 different locations, Green Island was confirmed as the new location of Ottawa City Hall on January 31, 1956. The official sod turning ceremony was held on September 16, 1956. Construction was completed in 1958. City Council held its first meeting at the new location on July 21, 1958. Princess Margaret officially opened the stone and glass building, which featured a marble spiral staircase leading to the second floor, on August 2, 1958. This building remained Ottawa’s City Hall until municipal amalgamation came into effect on January 1, 2001. The building of an expensive addition to the city hall (designed by Moshe Safdie), architect of the National Gallery of Canada shortly before the building was decommissioned was a source of controversy in the city.</p><br>
<p>Green Island, also known as North Brewster Island, is a rocky outer island in the Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area, to the north of Calf Island and Hypocrite Channel. The island has a permanent size of 2.5 acre, plus an intertidal zone of a further 15 acre, and is exposed from the east and northeast with little soil or plant life. The island is named after Joseph Green, a well-known merchant, who owned the island during Colonial times.</p><br>
<p>Green Island is a nesting area for herring gulls, black-backed gulls, cormorants, barn swallows, red-winged blackbirds, and rats. The island is a popular location for striped bass fishermen during the summer months. However, access by humans is difficult, and especially discouraged during the birds&#39; nesting season.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>During 1845, a fifty-year-old seaman named Samuel Choat came to Green Island and lived there as an independent spirit for the next twenty years. Choat constructed a crude house and made his living by fishing on the local waters. His main diet was lobster, fish, and mussels. Choat could not be encouraged to leave Green Island, even during the coldest winters.</p><br>
<p>In 1851, during the storm that destroyed Minot&#39;s Ledge Light off Cohasset, the tide rose so high that the inhabitants of Green Island had to be rescued by the Boston Pilot boat. In another storm in 1862, Choat&#39;s boat was broken up on the rocks surrounding the island. He was taken to Boston, where he purchased another boat and quickly returned to Green Island.</p><br>
<p>Due to the severity of the cold weather during the winter of 1865, Choat had to be removed from Green Island. He was 70 years of age at the time. On February 8, Choat was transferred to the State Almshouse in Bridgewater where he died on February 23, 1865.</p><br>
<p>In 1869, Barrel Rock, a massive boulder of Medford granite that was deposited by an ancient glacier just west of Green Island, was removed by Major General Foster.</p><br>
